Productivity, niche availability, species richness, and extinction risk: Untangling relationships using individual-based simulations.
Productivity, niche availability, species richness, and extinction risk: Untangling relationships using individual-based simulations.
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DOI：
10.1002/ece3.7730
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发表时间：
2021-07
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Sutton MD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Furness EN;Garwood RJ;Mannion PD;Sutton MD
人们经常认为，生态系统的生产力会影响其所能支持的物种数量。尽管经过了几十年的研究，但这种关系的性质、范围和潜在机制尚不清楚。一种可能的机制是“更多个体”假说(MIH)。这表明生产力控制着生态系统中的个体数量，在种群数量足够小到足以使每个个体面临灭绝风险之前，更多的个体可以被划分为更多的物种。在这里，我们使用REvoSim来验证这一假设：这是一个基于个体的生态进化系统，它模拟了地质时期种群的进化和物种形成，允许评估在现实世界中不易观察到的时间尺度上发生的现象。这个系统以个体为基础的性质使我们能够消除以前的模型不得不做出的关于物种形成和灭绝的性质的假设。MIH的许多预测在我们的模拟中得到了支持：稀有物种比普通物种更有可能灭绝，物种丰富度与生产力成比例。然而，我们也发现了与严格的MIH预测相矛盾的关系：物种种群大小与生产力成比例，物种灭绝风险用相对物种种群大小比绝对物种种群大小更好地预测，这显然是由于当群落总丰度较高时竞争加剧。此外，我们还表明，物种丰富度与生产力的比例取决于物种划分生态位空间的能力。因此，我们建议MIH只适用于生态位划分没有因物种饱和而停止的生态系统。一些关于生物多样性模式的假设隐含或明确地忽略了生态位理论，支持中立的解释，就像历史上MIH的情况一样。我们的模拟表明，生态位理论对MIH的适用性起到了控制作用，因此需要在宏观生态学中加以考虑。我们使用模拟实验来检验生物多样性的更多个体假说的预测。我们发现，这些预测中的许多都得到了支持，但物种间的竞争和对生态位多样性的限制可以提供更多的复杂性，而更多的个体假设没有预测到。
It has often been suggested that the productivity of an ecosystem affects the number of species that it can support. Despite decades of study, the nature, extent, and underlying mechanisms of this relationship are unclear. One suggested mechanism is the “more individuals” hypothesis (MIH). This proposes that productivity controls the number of individuals in the ecosystem, and that more individuals can be divided into a greater number of species before their population size is sufficiently small for each to be at substantial risk of extinction. Here, we test this hypothesis using REvoSim: an individual‐based eco‐evolutionary system that simulates the evolution and speciation of populations over geological time, allowing phenomena occurring over timescales that cannot be easily observed in the real world to be evaluated. The individual‐based nature of this system allows us to remove assumptions about the nature of speciation and extinction that previous models have had to make. Many of the predictions of the MIH are supported in our simulations: Rare species are more likely to undergo extinction than common species, and species richness scales with productivity. However, we also find support for relationships that contradict the predictions of the strict MIH: species population size scales with productivity, and species extinction risk is better predicted by relative than absolute species population size, apparently due to increased competition when total community abundance is higher. Furthermore, we show that the scaling of species richness with productivity depends upon the ability of species to partition niche space. Consequently, we suggest that the MIH is applicable only to ecosystems in which niche partitioning has not been halted by species saturation. Some hypotheses regarding patterns of biodiversity implicitly or explicitly overlook niche theory in favor of neutral explanations, as has historically been the case with the MIH. Our simulations demonstrate that niche theory exerts a control on the applicability of the MIH and thus needs to be accounted for in macroecology. We use simulation experiments to test the predictions of the more‐individuals hypothesis of biodiversity. We find that many of these predictions are supported, but that interspecific competition and limits to niche diversity can provide additional complexity not predicted by the more‐individuals hypothesis.
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