Negative evidence in language acquisition.

Negative evidence in language acquisition.
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语言习得的负面证据。

DOI:
10.1016/0010-0277(93)90022-n
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发表时间:
1993
期刊:
影响因子:
3.4
通讯作者:
Marcus,GF
Marcus,GF
中科院分区:
心理学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Marcus,GF

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儿童是否需要“负面证据”(即,关于哪些单词串不是语法句子的信息)来消除它们的不合语法的话语是语言习得中的中心问题,因为缺乏负面证据,儿童将需要内部机制来忘记语法错误。最近的一些研究认为,父母提供嘈杂的反馈,也就是说,某些话语模式,不同的频率取决于儿童的话语的语法。然而,没有人明确讨论过儿童如何使用嘈杂的反馈,我表明,嘈杂的反馈是不太可能是必要的语言学习,因为(a)如果嘈杂的反馈存在,它是太弱:一个孩子将不得不重复一个给定的句子至少85次,以合理的确定性,这是不符合语法的;(B)对于所有类型的错误,不向所有年龄的所有儿童提供任何种类的嘈杂反馈;以及(c)嘈杂反馈可能是相对于儿童的话语定义父母答复类别的人为因素。例如,因为几乎所有的父母讲话都是合乎语法的,所以准确的重复(孩子话语的逐字重复)必然遵循更多的孩子的语法话语而不是他们的不合语法的话语。没有证据表明语言学习需要噪音反馈,甚至没有证据表明噪音反馈存在。因此,内部机制是必要的,以解释不符合语法的话语的遗忘。
Whether children require “negative evidence” (i.e., information about which strings of words are not grammatical sentences) to eliminate their ungrammatical utterances is a central question in language acquisition because, lacking negative evidence, a child would require internal mechanisms to unlearn grammatical errors. Several recent studies argue that parents provide noisy feedback, that is, certain discourse patterns that differ in frequency depending on the grammaticality of children's utterances. However, no one has explicitly discussed how children could use noisy feedback, and I show that noisy feedback is unlikely to be necessary for language learning because (a) if noisy feedback exists it is too weak: a child would have to repeat a given sentence verbatim at least 85 times to decide with reasonable certainty that it is ungrammatical; (b) no kind of noisy feedback is provided to all children at all ages for all types of errors; and (c) noisy feedback may be an artifact of defining parental reply categories relative to the child's utterance. For example, because nearly all parental speech is grammatical, exact repetitions (verbatim repetitions of child utterances) necessarily follow more of children's grammatical utterances than their ungrammatical utterances. There is no evidence that noisy feedback is required for language learning, or even that noisy feedback exists. Thus internal mechanisms are necessary to account for the unlearning of ungrammatical utterances.
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