From APOBEC to ZAP: Diverse mechanisms used by cellular restriction factors to inhibit virus infections.

From APOBEC to ZAP: Diverse mechanisms used by cellular restriction factors to inhibit virus infections.
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DOI:
10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.09.012
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发表时间:
2019-03
期刊:
Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Yount JS
Yount JS
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Chemudupati M;Kenney AD;Bonifati S;Zani A;McMichael TM;Wu L;Yount JS

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抗病毒限制因子是抑制病毒进入、复制或传播的细胞蛋白质。这些蛋白质是先天免疫系统的关键组成部分,其功能是限制病毒感染的严重程度和宿主范围。在这里,我们回顾了目前的知识的作用机制的几个限制因素,影响多种病毒在其生命周期的不同阶段。例如,APOBEC 3G使胞嘧啶脱氨基以使逆转录的病毒DNA超突变; IFITM 3改变膜以抑制病毒膜融合; MXA/B在病毒蛋白复合物上寡聚以抑制病毒复制; SAMHD 1降低dNTP细胞内浓度以防止逆转录病毒基因组的逆转录;系链蛋白防止出芽病毒体从细胞释放;蝰蛇蛋白催化抑制病毒RNA聚合酶的核苷类似物的形成; ZAP结合病毒RNA以靶向它们进行降解。我们还讨论了针对这些限制因素的特定病毒所采用的对策,并提到这些因素中的几个在调节免疫反应中的次要功能。这些重要的例子突出了细胞为对抗病毒感染而进化出的不同策略。
Antiviral restriction factors are cellular proteins that inhibit the entry, replication, or spread of viruses. These proteins are critical components of the innate immune system and function to limit the severity and host range of virus infections. Here we review the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action of several restriction factors that affect multiple viruses at distinct stages of their life cycles. For example, APOBEC3G deaminates cytosines to hypermutate reverse transcribed viral DNA; IFITM3 alters membranes to inhibit virus membrane fusion; MXA/B oligomerize on viral protein complexes to inhibit virus replication; SAMHD1 decreases dNTP intracellular concentrations to prevent reverse transcription of retrovirus genomes; tetherin prevents release of budding virions from cells; Viperin catalyzes formation of a nucleoside analogue that inhibits viral RNA polymerases; and ZAP binds virus RNAs to target them for degradation. We also discuss countermeasures employed by specific viruses against these restriction factors, and mention secondary functions of several of these factors in modulating immune responses. These important examples highlight the diverse strategies cells have evolved to combat virus infections.
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