Central noradrenergic neurones and the mechanism of general anaesthesia.
Central noradrenergic neurones and the mechanism of general anaesthesia.
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中枢去甲肾上腺素能神经元和全身麻醉的机制。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2001
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
T. Kushikata
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
K. Hirota;T. Kushikata
中枢去甲肾上腺素能神经元与全身麻醉的机制现代麻醉剂的使用基本上是安全和可预测的，而且非常有效。此外，可以说，如果没有这些特性，媒体经常强调的外科实践方面的重大进步就不可能发生。然而，作为药理学的一个例子，麻醉状态的产生在某种程度上仍然是一个谜。这一谜团源于与单一麻醉靶点是否存在相关的争议。从临床麻醉的直接观察来看，这似乎不太可能，因为不同的麻醉剂产生不同类型的麻醉。长期以来，GABAA受体一直被认为是一个统一的细胞靶点(除了一些例外)，但也有其他的建议。在这篇社论中，我们考虑了支持去甲肾上腺素能传递作为麻醉作用的“连线”靶点的证据。这一系统在止痛中的明确作用并未被考虑。去甲肾上腺素是脑干中一种主要的中枢神经系统神经递质。去甲肾上腺素能神经元对一系列行为的调节非常重要，包括睡眠±觉醒周期、摄食、体温调节、注意力、运动活动以及生长发育。1此外，许多研究表明，去甲肾上腺素系统(S)可能参与麻醉状态的产生。在大脑中，A1、A2、A5和A7去甲肾上腺素能簇构成外侧被盖区，投射到丘脑和下丘脑。2蓝斑(A6簇)与外侧被盖区不同，支配大脑皮层、海马体、小脑和脊髓。2清醒时蓝斑神经元活动缓慢而有规律。3相反，当动物昏昏欲睡时，进入慢波，然后进入REM睡眠，放电率会降低，因此在REM睡眠期间，这些神经元是沉默的。3有趣的是，所有去甲肾上腺素能投射都来自蓝斑。3视前区接受蓝斑(A6)和被盖外侧群(A1、A2、A5、A7)去甲肾上腺素能神经元的传入。4视前区神经元投射回蓝斑。这一区域在睡眠或催眠过程中起着重要作用。去甲肾上腺素能神经元在这一区域的作用是什么？大多数以前的研究表明，视前区的去甲肾上腺素神经元可能与觉醒有关，因为去甲肾上腺素直接激活或注射到该区域…
Central noradrenergic neurones and the mechanism of general anaesthesia Modern anaesthetics are, in the main, safe and predictable in their use, and highly ef®cient. Moreover, it could be argued that without these properties major advances in surgical practice, so often highlighted in the media, could not have taken place. However, as an example of pharmacology, the production of the anaesthetic state remains somewhat of a mystery. This mystery results from the controversies related to the existence of a unitary anaesthetic target site. From direct observation of clinical anaesthesia, this seems unlikely as different anaesthetic agents produce different`types' of anaesthesia. GABA A receptors have long been held as a unifying cellular target (with some exceptions), but others have also been suggested. In this editorial, we consider the evidence in support of a role for noradrenergic transmission as a `wiring' target for anaesthetic action. The clear role of this system in analgesia is not considered. Norepinephrine is a major central nervous system neurotransmitter in the brainstem. Noradrenergic neurones are of great importance in the regulation of a range of behaviours including the sleep±wake cycle, feeding, ther-moregulation, attention, motor activity, and growth and development. 1 In addition, there are many studies suggesting that noradrenergic system(s) may be involved in the production of thèanaesthetic state'. In the brain, the A1, A2, A5, and A7 noradrenergic clusters constituting the lateral tegmental area, project to the thalamus and hypothalamus. 2 The locus coeruleus (A6 cluster), which is distinct from the lateral tegmental area, innervates the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and spinal cord. 2 The activity of locus coeruleus neurones is slow and regular during wakefulness. 3 In contrast, when an animal becomes drowsy, entering slow wave and then REM sleep, there is a decrease in discharge rate such that during REM sleep these neurones are silent. 3 Interestingly, all noradre-nergic projections to the cerebrocortex originate from the locus coeruleus. 3 The preoptic area receives input from both the locus coeruleus (A6), and the lateral tegmental group (A1, A2, A5, and A7) noradrenergic neurones. 4 In addition, neurones in the preoptic area project back to the locus coeruleus. 5 This area plays an important role in sleep or hypnosis. What is the role of noradrenergic neurones in this area? Most of the previous studies 6 suggest that norepinephrine neurones in the preoptic area may contribute to wakefulness, as direct activation or injection of norepinephrine into this area …
DOI：
10.1152/ajpregu.1995.269.5.r1240
发表时间：
1995-11-01
影响因子：
2.8
作者：
ALAM, MN;MCGINTY, D;SZYMUSIAK, R
通讯作者：
SZYMUSIAK, R