How to catch more prey with less effective traps: explaining the evolution of temporarily inactive traps in carnivorous pitcher plants.
How to catch more prey with less effective traps: explaining the evolution of temporarily inactive traps in carnivorous pitcher plants.
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2014.2675
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发表时间：
2015-02-22
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Ioannou CC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bauer U;Federle W;Seidel H;Grafe TU;Ioannou CC
食肉猪笼草猪笼草捕捉节肢动物专门光滑的表面。关键的诱捕表面，猪笼草边缘（口），当被雨水、花蜜或冷凝物润湿时非常光滑，但干燥时不会。由于自然选择应该有利于适应，最大限度地提高猎物的摄入量，暂时不活跃的陷阱的演变似乎自相矛盾。在这里，我们表明，间歇性陷阱失活促进“批量捕获”的蚂蚁。猎物调查显示，N。rafflesiana投手偶尔捕获大量的蚂蚁从相同的物种。连续实验润湿的口部增加了非招募猎物的数量，但减少了捕获的蚂蚁的数量，并将其诱捕模式从批量捕获到个人捕获事件。蚂蚁招聘也较低，不断湿投手。我们的实验数据符合一个简单的模型，该模型预测，间歇性的，基于湿度的陷阱激活应该允许安全访问的“侦察”蚂蚁在干燥条件下，从而促进招聘和最终更高的猎物数量。因此，口部诱捕机制可能代表了捕捉蚂蚁的适应。相对罕见的批量捕获事件可能特别有利于具有许多捕集器的较大植物。这就解释了为什么许多猪笼草属植物的幼株还采用不依赖湿度的蜡质诱捕表面。
Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants capture arthropods with specialized slippery surfaces. The key trapping surface, the pitcher rim (peristome), is highly slippery when wetted by rain, nectar or condensation, but not when dry. As natural selection should favour adaptations that maximize prey intake, the evolution of temporarily inactive traps seems paradoxical. Here, we show that intermittent trap deactivation promotes ‘batch captures' of ants. Prey surveys revealed that N. rafflesiana pitchers sporadically capture large numbers of ants from the same species. Continuous experimental wetting of the peristome increased the number of non-recruiting prey, but decreased the number of captured ants and shifted their trapping mode from batch to individual capture events. Ant recruitment was also lower to continuously wetted pitchers. Our experimental data fit a simple model that predicts that intermittent, wetness-based trap activation should allow safe access for ‘scout’ ants under dry conditions, thereby promoting recruitment and ultimately higher prey numbers. The peristome trapping mechanism may therefore represent an adaptation for capturing ants. The relatively rare batch capture events may particularly benefit larger plants with many pitchers. This explains why young plants of many Nepenthes species additionally employ wetness-independent, waxy trapping surfaces.
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