Size‐dependent mortality of corals during marine heatwave erodes recovery capacity of a coral reef
Size‐dependent mortality of corals during marine heatwave erodes recovery capacity of a coral reef
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海洋热浪期间珊瑚的大小依赖性死亡率削弱了珊瑚礁的恢复能力
DOI：
10.1111/gcb.16000
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
11.6
通讯作者：
Burkepile, Deron E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Speare, Kelly E.;Adam, Thomas C.;Winslow, Erin M.;Lenihan, Hunter S.;Burkepile, Deron E.
对于许多长寿的类群，例如树木和珊瑚，年龄较大且体型较大的个体通常具有最低的死亡率和最高的繁殖力。然而，气候变化驱动的干扰，如干旱和热浪，可能从根本上改变这些重要基础类群中典型的依赖于大小的死亡率和繁殖模式。我们在法属波利尼西亚莫雷阿岛工作，调查了 2019 年的海洋热浪（这是我们所在地过去 30 年来最强烈的海洋热浪之一）如何导致珊瑚白化和死亡。海洋热浪导致全岛范围内的大规模珊瑚白化，导致两个主要珊瑚属（Pocillopora 和 Acropora）的最大个体分别死亡 76% 和 65%。 Pocillopora 和 Acropora 直径≥30 cm 的菌落分别为 ~3.5 倍和 ~1.3 倍，比直径 < 30 cm 的菌落更有可能死亡。通常，这些珊瑚的年度死亡率集中在最小尺寸的类别上。然而，这场热浪极大地重塑了这种模式，热应激不成比例地杀死了较大的珊瑚群落，并使不同尺寸范围内的年死亡率趋于平衡。这种大小与死亡率关系的变化使这些属的总体繁殖力降低了 60% 以上，因为大珊瑚对于珊瑚礁的繁殖尤为重要。此外，对于珊瑚在受到干扰后的恢复至关重要的微观珊瑚新成员的存活率下降至 2%，与没有升高热应力的一年相比，下降了一个数量级，其中 33% 的珊瑚新成员幸存下来。虽然其他研究表明较大的珊瑚比较小的珊瑚更容易白化，但我们展示了这种现象可能对整个珊瑚礁造成的严重影响。随着海洋热浪变得更加频繁和强烈，最大、最繁殖力的珊瑚的不成比例的死亡率以及新定居的珊瑚群的几乎完全消失可能会降低这些标志性生态系统的恢复能力。
For many long‐lived taxa, such as trees and corals, older, and larger individuals often have the lowest mortality and highest fecundity. However, climate change‐driven disturbances such as droughts and heatwaves may fundamentally alter typical size‐dependent patterns of mortality and reproduction in these important foundation taxa. Working in Moorea, French Polynesia, we investigated how a marine heatwave in 2019, one of the most intense marine heatwaves at our sites over the past 30 years, drove patterns of coral bleaching and mortality. The marine heatwave drove island‐wide mass coral bleaching that killed up to 76% and 65% of the largest individuals of the two dominant coral genera,PocilloporaandAcropora, respectively. Colonies ofPocilloporaandAcropora≥30 cm diameter were ~3.5× and ~1.3×, respectively, more likely to die than colonies <30‐cm diameter. Typically, annual mortality in these corals is concentrated on the smallest size classes. Yet, this heatwave dramatically reshaped this pattern, with heat stress disproportionately killing larger coral colonies and equalizing annual mortality rates across the size spectrum. This shift in the size‐mortality relationship reduced the overall fecundity of these genera by >60% because big corals are disproportionately important for reproduction on reefs. Additionally, the survivorship of microscopic coral recruits, critical for the recovery of corals following disturbances, declined to 2%, over an order of magnitude lower compared to a year without elevated thermal stress, where 33% of coral recruits survived. While other research has shown that larger corals can bleach more frequently than smaller corals, we show the severe impact this phenomenon can have at the reef‐wide scale. As marine heatwaves become more frequent and intense, disproportionate mortality of the largest, most fecund corals and near‐complete loss of entire cohorts of newly‐settled coral recruits will likely reduce the recovery capacity of these iconic ecosystems.
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