Pointed wings, low wingloading and calm air reduce migratory flight costs in songbirds.
Pointed wings, low wingloading and calm air reduce migratory flight costs in songbirds.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0002154
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发表时间：
2008-05-14
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Wikelski M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bowlin MS;Wikelski M
候鸟、蝙蝠和昆虫比非候鸟的翅膀更尖。人们认为，尖翼和低机翼负荷（即机体质量除以机翼面积）可以减少长途飞行时的能量消耗，但这些假设从未得到过直接验证。此外，尚不清楚在高空遇到的大气条件如何影响他们的能量使用；没有这些信息，我们就无法准确预测迁徙物种对气候变化的反应。在这里，我们测量了15只自由飞行的斯温森画眉在迁徙飞行中的心率。在整个飞行过程中，心率和能量消耗率与翼尖圆度和机翼载荷的个体差异呈正相关。在飞行的巡航阶段，心率也与风速呈正相关，但与风向无关，与大尺度大气稳定性呈负相关，但不显著。大风和低大气稳定性都表明湍流漩涡的存在，这表明当大气湍流高时，鸟类可能会消耗更多的能量。因此，我们认为，尖翼尖、低翼负荷以及对强风和湍流的规避降低了小型鸟类在迁徙过程中的飞行成本，如果气候变化影响到强风和大气不稳定的频率和/或严重程度，那么气候变化可能对候鸟的飞行能量使用产生最强烈的影响。
Migratory bird, bat and insect species tend to have more pointed wings than non-migrants. Pointed wings and low wingloading, or body mass divided by wing area, are thought to reduce energy consumption during long-distance flight, but these hypotheses have never been directly tested. Furthermore, it is not clear how the atmospheric conditions migrants encounter while aloft affect their energy use; without such information, we cannot accurately predict migratory species' response(s) to climate change. Here, we measured the heart rates of 15 free-flying Swainson's Thrushes (Catharus ustulatus) during migratory flight. Heart rate, and therefore rate of energy expenditure, was positively associated with individual variation in wingtip roundedness and wingloading throughout the flights. During the cruise phase of the flights, heart rate was also positively associated with wind speed but not wind direction, and negatively but not significantly associated with large-scale atmospheric stability. High winds and low atmospheric stability are both indicative of the presence of turbulent eddies, suggesting that birds may be using more energy when atmospheric turbulence is high. We therefore suggest that pointed wingtips, low wingloading and avoidance of high winds and turbulence reduce flight costs for small birds during migration, and that climate change may have the strongest effects on migrants' in-flight energy use if it affects the frequency and/or severity of high winds and atmospheric instability.
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