Late Middle Pleistocene Elephants from Natodomeri, Kenya and the Disappearance of Elephas (Proboscidea, Mammalia) in Africa

Late Middle Pleistocene Elephants from Natodomeri, Kenya and the Disappearance of Elephas (Proboscidea, Mammalia) in Africa
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肯尼亚纳托多梅里的中更新世晚期大象和象(长鼻目,哺乳动物)在非洲的消失

DOI:
10.1007/s10914-019-09474-9
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发表时间:
2019
影响因子:
1.9
通讯作者:
Brown, Francis H.
Brown, Francis H.
中科院分区:
生物学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Manthi, Fredrick Kyalo;Sanders, William J.;Plavcan, J. Michael;Cerling, Thure E.;Brown, Francis H.

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对最近从肯尼亚Natodomeri发现的大象臼齿化石进行了比较形态测量学研究,确定它们属于Elephas jolensi,并确认该物种存在于Kibish组的成员I和II中。改进这些地质单位的定年限制他们之间的205和130 ka。大象jolensisis还报告了从北方,西北,东部和南部非洲的地方。因此,包括其Natodomeri的出现,E. jolensis似乎是泛非洲分布。尽管广泛的地理分布的物种,臼齿的E。jolens是非常均匀的形态。他们的特点是他们的极端hypodonty,高振幅的釉质折叠,高板层频率,和板是前后厚相对于横向谷间隔间距。此外,它们的板块数量也不多(小于20个M3/m3)。大象jolensi要么是从大象recki的最后阶段进化而来,要么代表了大象recki的最后阶段,大象recki是上新世晚期-更新世期间东非的主要大象物种。本文报道了E. jolensis表明,像E。雷基,它是一只专注的食草动物。在Kibish组中,E. jolensisis成功Loxodonta africanaat 130 ka,符合一个强烈的凉爽,干燥的间隔,标志着极端干旱的事件。这标志着大象在大陆上的灭绝。气候波动的强度和增加的速度可能在专家的死亡中发挥了重要作用,放牧。雷基-E jolensislineage有利于一个多面手,混合饲养者,如L。非洲。
Comparative morphometric study of recently recovered fossil elephant molars from Natodomeri, Kenya identifies them as belonging toElephas jolensisand confirms the presence of this species in Members I and II of the Kibish Formation. Improved datation of these geological units constrains them between 205 and 130 ka.Elephas jolensisis also reported from localities in northern, northwestern, eastern, and southern Africa. Thus, including its Natodomeri occurrence,E. jolensisappears to have been pan-African in distribution. Despite the wide geographic distribution of the species, molars ofE. jolensisare remarkably uniform morphometrically. They are characterized by their extreme hypsodonty, high amplitude of enamel folding, high lamellar frequency, and plates that are anteroposteriorly thick relative to transverse valley interval spacing. In addition, they exhibit only a modest number of plates (<20 in M3/m3).Elephas jolensiseither evolved from or represents the last stage ofElephas recki, the dominant elephant species in East Africa during the late Pliocene-Pleistocene. The dental morphology and isotopic composition ofE. jolensisindicates that, likeE. recki, it was a dedicated grazer. In the Kibish Formation,E. jolensisis succeeded byLoxodonta africanaat 130 ka, coincident with an intensely cool, dry interval marked by episodes of extreme drought. This marked the extirpation ofElephason the continent. The intensity and increased rate of climate fluctuation may have played an important role in the demise of the specialist, grazingE. recki-E. jolensislineage in favor of a generalist, mixed feeder such asL. africana.
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