Forecasting tillage and soil warming effects on earthworm populations
Forecasting tillage and soil warming effects on earthworm populations
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预测耕作和土壤变暖对蚯蚓种群的影响
DOI：
10.1111/1365-2664.13096
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Johnston A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Johnston A
健康的土壤对于可持续粮食生产至关重要，但耕作限制了基本生态系统服务的生物调节。为了支持环境变化下的可持续管理，需要更好地了解土壤生态系统工程师的管理效果驱动机制。本文提出了能量-环境-蚯蚓（EEEworm）模型，这是一种基于个体的地龙种群机械模型。地龙是未受干扰栖息地的优势蚯蚓物种，与许多生态系统服务密切相关，例如水流调节、土壤结构和生态系统服务。 农作物生产。在少耕农业中，机械干扰的减少使得 L. terrestris增殖，而L的活动。 terrestriscan 取代了耕作提供的许多土壤功能。通过八项已发表的研究（平均 R2 = .84）进行了广泛的 EEEworm 验证，证明了一种可以在不同土壤、管理和天气条件之间进行推断的机械方法。 EEEworm模拟实验阐明，直接和间接耕作效应的结合导致耕地中的种群数量下降，而土壤表面的枯枝落叶清除是主要驱动因素。我们研究了历史和预测土壤变暖条件下不同耕作强度的影响，发现在我们的模拟中未来更温暖和更干燥的土壤加剧了深耕对L.EEEworm的影响。陆地人口减少。这些影响是由于更温暖和更干燥的土壤条件增加了个体代谢率，而耕作减少了满足能量需求的食物供应。合成和应用。减轻气候变化对农业生态系统土壤健康影响的先发制人战略应侧重于减少耕作强度和耕作后作物残留物的保留。能源-环境-蚯蚓（EEEworm）通过提供预测土壤系统如何响应土地管理和环境变化组合的工具，有可能使土地管理者、政策制定者、风险评估者和监管者受益。为了更好地对对比土地管理系统进行成本效益分析，像 EEEworm 这样的机械模型的未来目标是整合蚯蚓种群、土壤功能和生态系统服务之间的联系。
Healthy soils are crucial for sustainable food production, but tillage limits the biological regulation of essential ecosystem services. Better understanding of the mechanisms driving management effects on soil ecosystem engineers is needed to support sustainable management under environmental change.This paper presents the Energy–Environment–Earthworm (EEEworm) model, a mechanistic individual‐based model ofLumbricus terrestrispopulations.Lumbricus terrestrisis a dominant earthworm species in undisturbed habitats and is closely associated with numerous ecosystem services such as water flow regulation, soil structure and crop production. In reduced tillage agriculture, a decline in mechanical disturbance allows forL. terrestrisproliferation, whilst the activities ofL. terrestriscan replace many of the soil functions provided by tillage.Extensive EEEworm validation with eight published studies (averageR2= .84) demonstrates a mechanistic approach which can extrapolate between diverse soil, management and weather conditions. EEEworm simulation experiments elucidate that a combination of direct and indirect tillage effects leads to population declines in tilled fields, with litter removal from the soil surface being the main driver.We investigate the effects of different tillage intensities under historical and projected soil warming conditions and find that future warmer and drier soils in our simulation exacerbate the effects of deep ploughing onL. terrestrispopulation declines. These effects result from warmer and drier soil conditions increasing individual metabolic rates and tillage reducing food availability to meet energy demands.Synthesis and applications. Pre‐emptive strategies to mitigate climate change impacts on soil health in agroecosystems should focus on decreasing tillage intensity and retention of crop residues following tillage. Energy–Environment–Earthworm (EEEworm) has the potential to benefit land managers, policy makers, risk assessors and regulators by providing a tool to forecast how soil systems respond to combinations of land management and environmental change. To allow better cost–benefit analysis of contrasting land management systems, a future aim of mechanistic models like EEEworm is to incorporate the links between earthworm populations, soil functions and ecosystem services.
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