Paleoecological and paleolandscape modeling support for pre-Columbian burning by Native Americans in the Golden Trout Wilderness Area, California, USA
Paleoecological and paleolandscape modeling support for pre-Columbian burning by Native Americans in the Golden Trout Wilderness Area, California, USA
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古生态和古景观建模支持美国加利福尼亚州金鳟荒野地区前哥伦布时代美洲原住民的焚烧
DOI：
10.1007/s10980-020-01081-x
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Mensing, Scott
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Klimaszewski-Patterson, Anna;Mensing, Scott
尽管几千年来人们一直用火来改变整个北美的地貌，但美洲原住民是否改变了加州的山地森林以创造人类景观仍然存在争议。 目的我们利用古生态重建和古景观模型来测试气候或美洲原住民是否是史前森林组成变化的驱动力。随着野火变得更加致命和广泛，了解史前森林和土地利用遗产在气候变暖的情况下变得更加重要。方法我们使用标准技术对过去 1200 年的花粉和木炭进行了重建。然后，我们使用森林演替模型来定量测试变化的驱动因素：仅气候火灾，或加上美洲原住民引发的地表火灾。假设的人为燃烧时期是从花粉记录中推断出来的（比气候预期更开放的树冠类群）。将建模输出与古记录进行比较，以确定哪些驱动因素最能解释经验记录的变化。将考古记录中的占领时期与假设的燃烧时期进行比较。结果花粉和木炭重建显示间歇期与气候预期不一致。模拟情景（包括加州原住民在这些时期引发的地表火灾）与观察到的古生态记录具有最大的相关性。推断的燃烧时期与根据考古记录使用的地点在时间上是一致的。结论加利福尼亚州的史前森林因美洲原住民传统使用火作为工具而改变。模拟结果表明，纳入本土资源管理实践可以改善森林健康并降低发生灾难性野火的可能性。
ContextThough people have used fire to alter landscapes across North America for millennia, there remains a debate whether Native Americans altered California’s mountainous forests to create an anthropogenic landscape.ObjectiveWe use paleoecological reconstructions and paleolandscape modeling to test whether climate or Native Americans were the driving force of pre-historic forest composition change. Understanding pre-historic forests and land-use legacies becomes more critical in a warming climate as wildfires become deadlier and more extensive.MethodsWe performed a sub-centennial pollen and charcoal reconstruction for the last 1200 years using standard techniques. We then used a forest succession model to quantitatively test drivers of change: climatic fires only, or the addition of Native American-set surface fires. Hypothesized periods of anthropogenic burning were inferred from the pollen record (more open canopy taxa than climatically expected). Modeled outputs were compared against the paleorecord to determine which drivers best explained changes in the empirical record. Periods of occupation from the archaeological record were compared to hypothesized periods of burning.ResultsPollen and charcoal reconstructions showed intermittent periods inconsistent with climatic expectations. Modeled scenarios including surface fires set by Native Californians during these periods had the greatest correlation with the observed paleoecological record. Inferred periods of burning corresponded temporally with site used based on the archaeological record.ConclusionsCalifornia’s pre-historic forests were altered by the traditional use of fire as a tool by Native Americans. Modeled outputs hint that incorporating indigenous resources management practices could improve forest health and decrease the likelihood of catastrophic wildfires.
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