Casting Metals in Dentistry: Past - Present - Future
Casting Metals in Dentistry: Past - Present - Future
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牙科铸造金属：过去 - 现在 - 未来
作者：
K. Asgar
本文主要介绍牙科铸造技术的发展和用于制造陶瓷金属支架的不同合金组的配方。人们认识到，为了提高牙科铸件的质量，仅具有适当成分的合金是不够的。生物相容性、良好的机械和物理性能、修复体的寿命、与瓷的相容性以及简单的操作技术同样重要。研究人员对牙科铸件的不同方面做出了贡献，并使铸件成为今天的样子。不幸的是，许多原始的基础研究被现在的研究者所忽视，他们重复了过去进行的研究，而没有意识到研究已经进行过，研究已经发表。其主要原因是1975年以前出版的论文摘要无法通过图书馆的计算机搜索系统获得。要获得1975年之前发表的文章的副本，必须搜索文献以了解它们在哪里发表。本文为以往在这方面的工作提供了参考。此外，牙科图书馆不提供美国专利的副本。这使得牙科学校的大多数研究人员处于不利地位。他们不熟悉专利的要求，教授的内容，以及为什么从合金和熔模材料中添加或消除某些元素。本文还提供了许多美国专利的数量。有了专利号，就可以从位于华盛顿的美国专利局获得专利文本。由于美学在当今社会中起着重要的作用，重点将只放在设计用于制造陶瓷金属陶瓷的合金上。今天有许多陶瓷-金属合金可供使用，并且它们被不同的人分类。在本文中，分类将基于这些合金的主要成分，以及按时间顺序介绍一组导致下一组的发展。基于此，可以将这些合金分为六大类。本文介绍了这些合金的化学成分、性能和开发商，并沿着了它们的美国专利。最近，已经引入了两种类型的全陶瓷涂层。全瓷修复体的主要优点是其上级美学质量优于金瓷修复体。它们的主要缺点是强度和延展性低。然而，它们的强度足以用于单单元的加固，但不足以用于桥梁工程。钛在牙科中的应用也得到了研究，并发现它是合适的。今后的研究方向：（1）开发强度和韧性更好的陶瓷材料;（2）进一步研究贵金属钯合金和贱金属钛合金;（3）开发更简便、更省时的牙科器械制造技术;（4）发展粉末技术而不是铸造技术用于未来的制造方法;以及（5）发展新的实验室设备，例如，能够烧结陶瓷和金属颗粒的单一烧结炉，如果粉末技术得到发展，这将是可以接受的。
This article deals mainly with the development of dental casting techniques and formulation of the different groups of alloys used in the fabrication of ceramo-metal restorations. It is recognized that in order for the quality of dental cast restorations to be improved, having alloys with the proper composition is not enough. Biocompatibility, good mechanical and physical properties, longevity of the restoration, compatibility with porcelain, and a simple manipulative technique are as important. Researchers have contributed to different aspects of dental castings and have made cast restorations what they are today. Unfortunately, much of the original basic research has been overlooked by present investigators, who have duplicated studies conducted in the past without realizing that the study had already been performed and the research had been published. The main reason for this is that abstracts of articles published prior to 1975 are not available through a library computer-search system. To obtain copies of articles published prior to 1975, one has to search the literature to know where they were published. This article provides references for much of the past work in this area. Also, dental libraries do not carry copies of U.S. patents. This places the majority of researchers located at dental schools at a disadvantage. They are not familiar with what the patents claim, what is taught, and why certain elements are added or eliminated from alloys and investment materials. This article also provides the numbers of many U.S. patents. By having the patent number, one can obtain the text of the patent from the U.S. Patent Office in Washington, DC. Since esthetics plays an important role in today's society, emphasis will be given only to alloys designed for fabrication of ceramo-metal restorations. Many ceramo-metal alloys are available today, and they are classified differently by different individuals. In this article, classification will be based on the major components of these alloys, as well as on a chronological introduction of one group leading to the development of the next group. Based on this, one can classify these alloys into six major groups. Chemical composition, properties, and the developers of these alloys, along with their U.S. patents, are given. Recently, two types of all-ceramic restorations have been introduced. The main advantage of the all-ceramic restoration is its superior esthetic quality compared with that of ceramo-metal restorations. Their main disadvantages are low strength and ductility. Their strength, however, is sufficient for single-unit restorations, but not for bridgework. The use of titanium for dental restorations has also been studied, and it has been found to be suitable. Future Studies - Future work should be devoted to the following: (1) the development of stronger and more ductile ceramic materials: (2) further study of the promising palladium alloys from the noble metal group and titanium alloys from the base metal group; (3) the development of easier and less-time-consuming techniques for the fabrication of dental appliances; (4) the development of a powder technique rather than a cast technique for future fabrication methods; and (5) the development of new laboratory equipment, e.g., a single sintering oven capable of sintering both ceramic and metallic particles, which would be accepted if the powder technique is developed.
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DOI：
10.1002/jbm.820150608
发表时间：
1981
期刊：
Journal of biomedical materials research
影响因子：
--
作者：
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通讯作者：
Woodland,EC
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1986
期刊：
Quintessence of dental technology
影响因子：
--
作者：
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通讯作者：
Asgar,K
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DOI：
10.1016/0022-3913(85)90503-7
发表时间：
1985
期刊：
The Journal of prosthetic dentistry
影响因子：
--
作者：
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通讯作者：
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DOI：
10.1016/0022-3913(84)90331-7
发表时间：
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期刊：
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影响因子：
--
作者：
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通讯作者：
Hamilton,JC
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DOI：
10.1002/jbm.820150202
发表时间：
1981
期刊：
Journal of biomedical materials research
影响因子：
--
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通讯作者：
Leinfelder,KF