Identification of sequestered chloroplasts in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic sacoglossan sea slugs (Mollusca, Gastropoda).
Identification of sequestered chloroplasts in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic sacoglossan sea slugs (Mollusca, Gastropoda).
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DOI：
10.1186/1742-9994-11-15
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发表时间：
2014-02-21
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Wägele H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Christa G;Händeler K;Schäberle TF;König GM;Wägele H
Sacoglossan海蛞蝓是众所周知的，因为它们在后生动物中具有独特的能力，可以将功能性叶绿体（kleptoplasty）纳入消化腺细胞中，使蛞蝓能够在饥饿数周和数月时使用这些作为能量来源。然而，分配给带壳的Oxynoacea和Limapontioidea的成员（通常具有背突）通常不能保持并入的叶绿体功能。由于显然没有藻类基因存在于三个（六个已知的）物种叶绿体保留几个月，其他因素使功能kleptoplasty必须考虑。当然，叶绿体的起源是很重要的，然而，迄今为止，大约300个描述的物种中的大多数的食物来源是未知的。因此，特定的藻类食物来源作为一个因素进行功能性kleptoplasty推导仍然缺失。我们调查了26 sacoglossan种，新鲜收集的领域，通过应用叶绿体标记基因tufA和rbcL的食物来源，并将我们的研究结果与文献数据的物种已知的保留能力。对于大多数被调查的物种，特别是Thuridilla属，我们首次能够确定食物来源。此外，发表的数据的基础上喂养观察证实和扩大的分子方法。我们还发现，某些叶绿体是最有可能建立功能kleptoplasty必不可少的。应用DNA条形码似乎是非常有效的，并允许详细了解sacoglossan食物来源。我们倾向于rbcL为未来的分析，但tufA可能会被用于额外的模棱两可的情况下。我们缩小了似乎对长期功能性光合作用至关重要的藻类物种：Halimeda，Caulerpa，Penicillus，Avrainvillea，Acetabularia和Vaucheria。这些都没有发现Thuridilla，唯一的plakobranchoidean属没有长期保留的形式。然而，叶绿体的类型并不仅仅决定了功能性的kleptoplasty;非保留属的成员，如Astradrobulla或Volvatella，以相同的藻类为食，例如，长期滞留分别形成斑鳃鱼（Plakobranchus ocellatus）或皱叶Elysia crispata。功能性kleptoplasty的进化益处仍然值得怀疑，因为多食性的生活方式会使蛞蝓更加独立于特定的食物来源和它们的丰富程度。
Sacoglossan sea slugs are well known for their unique ability among metazoans to incorporate functional chloroplasts (kleptoplasty) in digestive glandular cells, enabling the slugs to use these as energy source when starved for weeks and months. However, members assigned to the shelled Oxynoacea and Limapontioidea (often with dorsal processes) are in general not able to keep the incorporated chloroplasts functional. Since obviously no algal genes are present within three (out of six known) species with chloroplast retention of several months, other factors enabling functional kleptoplasty have to be considered. Certainly, the origin of the chloroplasts is important, however, food source of most of the about 300 described species is not known so far. Therefore, a deduction of specific algal food source as a factor to perform functional kleptoplasty was still missing. We investigated the food sources of 26 sacoglossan species, freshly collected from the field, by applying the chloroplast marker genes tufA and rbcL and compared our results with literature data of species known for their retention capability. For the majority of the investigated species, especially for the genus Thuridilla, we were able to identify food sources for the first time. Furthermore, published data based on feeding observations were confirmed and enlarged by the molecular methods. We also found that certain chloroplasts are most likely essential for establishing functional kleptoplasty. Applying DNA-Barcoding appeared to be very efficient and allowed a detailed insight into sacoglossan food sources. We favor rbcL for future analyses, but tufA might be used additionally in ambiguous cases. We narrowed down the algal species that seem to be essential for long-term-functional photosynthesis: Halimeda, Caulerpa, Penicillus, Avrainvillea, Acetabularia and Vaucheria. None of these were found in Thuridilla, the only plakobranchoidean genus without long-term retention forms. The chloroplast type, however, does not solely determine functional kleptoplasty; members of no-retention genera, such as Cylindrobulla or Volvatella, feed on the same algae as e.g., the long-term-retention forms Plakobranchus ocellatus or Elysia crispata, respectively. Evolutionary benefits of functional kleptoplasty are still questionable, since a polyphagous life style would render slugs more independent of specific food sources and their abundance.
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影响因子：
3.3
作者：
de Vries J;Habicht J;Woehle C;Huang C;Christa G;Wägele H;Nickelsen J;Martin WF;Gould SB
通讯作者：
Gould SB
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Evertsen, Jussi;Burghardt, Ingo;Waegele, Heike
通讯作者：
Waegele, Heike
影响因子：
10.7
作者：
Bhattacharya D;Pelletreau KN;Price DC;Sarver KE;Rumpho ME
通讯作者：
Rumpho ME
影响因子：
1.6
作者：
CLARK, KB;JENSEN, KR;FERMIN, C
通讯作者：
FERMIN, C
影响因子：
1.2
作者：
Curtis, Nicholas E.;Massey, Steven E.;Pierce, Sidney K.
通讯作者：
Pierce, Sidney K.