Patterns of Violence in the Pre-Neolithic Nile Valley

Patterns of Violence in the Pre-Neolithic Nile Valley
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新石器时代前尼罗河流域的暴力模式

DOI:
10.1007/s10437-023-09533-w
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发表时间:
2023
影响因子:
1.6
通讯作者:
Brukner Havelková P
Brukner Havelková P
中科院分区:
法学4区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Brukner Havelková P

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埋葬集合告诉我们过去社会的生物学、社会关系、仪式和象征行为。然而,它们也使我们能够审查死亡和社会暴力的情况。史前狩猎采集者之间的高水平群体间暴力在某些时间和地点得到了充分的记录,但在其他地方却极为罕见。在这里,我们提出了在苏丹中部的狮身人面像遗址对PD8骨骼的死前损伤的分析。这个埋葬被认为是喀土穆早期(喀土穆中石器时代)的文化,放射性碳的年代在8637到8463 cal BP之间,有证据表明,在死前,在右肩胛骨和胸腔之间有一块不成形的、断裂的非人类骨头被利器刺伤。在本文回顾的来自全新世早期尼罗河谷的200多个经人类学评估的人类墓葬中,PD8提供了唯一记录的暴力导致死亡的证据。这一罕见的死亡案例不同于在努比亚下更新世晚期的墓地中记录的大量群体间冲突案例。这表明在新石器时代前(更新世晚期和全新世早期)尼罗河谷存在不同的暴力模式和冲突解决策略。我们将这种人际创伤发生率的差异归因于新仙女木时期干旱千年(~ 12,800-11,600 BP)前后的气候和环境条件、领土边界防御和婚后居住习惯。
Burial assemblages inform us about the biology of past societies, social relations, and ritual and symbolic behavior. However, they also allow us to examine the circumstances of death and social violence. A high level of intergroup violence among prehistoric hunter-gatherers is well-documented in some times and places but is extremely rare in others. Here we present an analysis of the perimortem injury to skeleton PD8 at the site of Sphinx in Central Sudan. This burial, attributed to the Early Khartoum (Khartoum Mesolithic) culture, radiocarbon dated between 8637 and 8463 cal BP, bears evidence of a perimortem sharp force trauma caused by penetration of an unshaped, fractured non-human bone between the right scapula and the rib cage. Among more than 200 anthropologically assessed human burials from the early Holocene Nile Valley reviewed in this paper, PD8 provides the only documented evidence of violence resulting in death. This rare case of death differs from the numerous cases of intergroup conflict documented in terminal Pleistocene burial grounds in Lower Nubia. This suggests different patterns of violence and strategies of conflict resolution in the pre-Neolithic (terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene) Nile Valley. We attribute this difference in the prevalence of interpersonal trauma to climatic and environmental conditions, territorial boundary defense, and post-marital residence practices before and after the Younger Dryas’ arid millennium (~ 12,800–11,600 BP).
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