The neural circuitry of expertise: perceptual learning and social cognition.
The neural circuitry of expertise: perceptual learning and social cognition.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnhum.2013.00852
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发表时间：
2013-12-17
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Harré M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Harré M
我们今天面临的最重要的问题包括大脑微电路的整合，我们建立支撑社会的复杂社交网络的能力，以及我们的社会如何影响我们的生态环境。在试图解开这些问题时，一个开始的地方是在个人层面：考虑我们如何积累有关环境的信息，这些信息如何导致决策，以及我们个人的决策如何反过来创造我们的社会环境。虽然这是一项艰巨的任务，但我们可能已经掌握了许多我们需要的工具。本文旨在回顾神经认知研究的一些最新成果，并展示它们如何扩展到两种非常具体且相互关联的专业知识类型：感知专业知识和社会认知。这两种认知技能跨越了我们基因遗产的广泛范围。知觉专长在我们进化史的早期就发展起来了，是所有哺乳动物认知能力中高度发达的一部分。另一方面，社会认知在人类中最为发达，因为我们能够与比任何其他物种更行为多样的个体保持更大，更稳定的长期社会联系。为了说明这些想法，我将讨论棋盘游戏作为社交互动的玩具模型，因为它们包括许多相关概念：感知学习，决策，长期计划和理解他人的心理状态。使用已开发的数学心理学的技术，我表明，我们可以代表一些关键功能的专业知识，使用随机微分方程（SDES）。这些模型展示了专家长期接触特定环境如何影响他们积累的信息以做出决策。这些过程不仅限于棋盘游戏，通过长期接触许多日常任务和社会环境，我们都是日常生活中的专家。
Amongst the most significant questions we are confronted with today include the integration of the brain's micro-circuitry, our ability to build the complex social networks that underpin society and how our society impacts on our ecological environment. In trying to unravel these issues one place to begin is at the level of the individual: to consider how we accumulate information about our environment, how this information leads to decisions and how our individual decisions in turn create our social environment. While this is an enormous task, we may already have at hand many of the tools we need. This article is intended to review some of the recent results in neuro-cognitive research and show how they can be extended to two very specific and interrelated types of expertise: perceptual expertise and social cognition. These two cognitive skills span a vast range of our genetic heritage. Perceptual expertise developed very early in our evolutionary history and is a highly developed part of all mammals' cognitive ability. On the other hand social cognition is most highly developed in humans in that we are able to maintain larger and more stable long term social connections with more behaviorally diverse individuals than any other species. To illustrate these ideas I will discuss board games as a toy model of social interactions as they include many of the relevant concepts: perceptual learning, decision-making, long term planning and understanding the mental states of other people. Using techniques that have been developed in mathematical psychology, I show that we can represent some of the key features of expertise using stochastic differential equations (SDEs). Such models demonstrate how an expert's long exposure to a particular context influences the information they accumulate in order to make a decision.These processes are not confined to board games, we are all experts in our daily lives through long exposure to the many regularities of daily tasks and social contexts.
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影响因子：
4.8
作者：
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通讯作者：
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DOI：
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