Karakorum, the first capital of the Mongol world empire: an imperial city in a non-urban society

Karakorum, the first capital of the Mongol world empire: an imperial city in a non-urban society
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喀喇昆仑,蒙古世界帝国的第一个首都:非城市社会中的皇城

DOI:
10.1007/s41826-020-00039-x
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发表时间:
2021
期刊:
Asian Archaeology
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Susanne Reichert
Susanne Reichert
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Jan Bemmann;Susanne Reichert

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草原环境和游牧社会中的城市是人类学文献中经常被忽视的主题。然而,在蒙古帝国的第一个首都喀喇昆仑(公元1206年至1368年),我们在蒙古鄂尔孔山谷的中心景观中拥有了这样一个城市的最高例子。在这篇论文中,我们要问,草原上的城市是什么?以喀喇昆仑为出发点和参考案例,为了更好地理解草原地区的城市化特征,我们采用了Michael E. Smith(2016)编制的城市属性列表,对喀喇昆仑进行了较为详尽的描述。讨论不仅包括与俄罗斯和蒙古其他当代遗址的比较,而且还详细讨论了城市-腹地关系的问题,这是城市在反城市环境中生存的基本必要条件。分析表明,在蒙古时期,我们可以识别城市化,但没有城市化:没有人口进行的独立、自然的城市增长过程,但城市是“政治的”,因为它们与权威深深交织在一起,因此有很多东西可以讲述权力和权威与被统治者之间的关系。
Cities within a steppe environment and in societies based on pastoral nomadism are an often overlooked theme in the anthropological literature. Yet, with Karakorum, the first capital of the Mongol Empire (AD 1206–1368), we have a supreme example of such a city in the central landscape of the Orkhon valley in Mongolia. In this paper, we ask, what is the city in the steppes? Taking Karakorum as our starting point and case of reference and to attain a better comprehension of the characteristics of urbanism in the steppe, we apply a list of urban attributes compiled by Michael E. Smith (2016) to provide a thick description of Karakorum. The discussion not only comprises comparisons to other contemporary sites in Russia and Mongolia, but also addresses in detail the question of city–hinterland relations as a fundamental necessity for the survival of the city in an anti-urban environment. The analysis shows that during the Mongol period we can identify urbanism but no urbanization: there is no process of independent, natural growth of cities carried out by the population, but cities are “political” in the sense that they are deeply intertwined with the authority and have therefore much to tell about the relation between power and authority on the one hand and the ruled on the other.
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DOI: 10.1007/s10963-017-9104-9
发表时间: 2017
影响因子: 2
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