Understanding the effects of climate change via disturbance on pristine arctic lakes—multitrophic level response and recovery to a 12‐yr, low‐level fertilization experiment
Understanding the effects of climate change via disturbance on pristine arctic lakes—multitrophic level response and recovery to a 12‐yr, low‐level fertilization experiment
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通过干扰了解气候变化对原始北极湖泊的影响——12 年低水平施肥实验的多营养水平响应和恢复
DOI：
10.1002/lno.11893
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Kling, George W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Budy, Phaedra;Pennock, Casey A.;Giblin, Anne E.;Luecke, Chris;White, Daniel L.;Kling, George W.
气候变化驱动的干扰对湖泊生态系统的影响可能是微妙的；间接影响包括可能影响生态系统功能的养分负荷增加。我们设计了一个低水平的施肥实验来模拟持续的、气候变化驱动的干扰（更深的解冻、更大的风化或热喀斯特破坏），向北极湖泊输送养分。我们测量了一个有鱼的受肥深湖和一个无鱼的浅湖在 12 年里的中上层营养水平的响应，与配对的参考湖泊进行比较，并监测了 6 年的恢复情况。相对于深湖预受精，我们在受精期（2001-2012）观察到叶绿素（+201%）、溶解氧（DO，-43%）和浮游动物生物量（+88%）的最大中上层反应。对受精的其他反应，例如水的透明度和鱼类的相对丰度，都被延迟，但最终都下降了。浮游植物和浮游动物的生物量和群落组成随着施肥而变化。在成对的浅湖中，施肥的影响不太明显，因为自然热岩溶破坏可能会影响参考湖。在深湖中，（a）所有营养级的生态系统功能变化都存在中等阻力，（b）最终的反应通常是非线性的，（c）受精后恢复（返回）时间在食物网的底部最快（2-4年），而较高的营养级在6年后未能恢复。这些北极湖泊对施肥反应的时间和程度与其他湖泊的反应相似，这表明气候变化改变养分输入的间接影响可能会在未来影响许多湖泊。
Effects of climate change‐driven disturbance on lake ecosystems can be subtle; indirect effects include increased nutrient loading that could impact ecosystem function. We designed a low‐level fertilization experiment to mimic persistent, climate change‐driven disturbances (deeper thaw, greater weathering, or thermokarst failure) delivering nutrients to arctic lakes. We measured responses of pelagic trophic levels over 12 yr in a fertilized deep lake with fish and a shallow fishless lake, compared to paired reference lakes, and monitored recovery for 6 yr. Relative to prefertilization in the deep lake, we observed a maximum pelagic response in chla(+201%), dissolved oxygen (DO, −43%), and zooplankton biomass (+88%) during the fertilization period (2001–2012). Other responses to fertilization, such as water transparency and fish relative abundance, were delayed, but both ultimately declined. Phyto‐ and zooplankton biomass and community composition shifted with fertilization. The effects of fertilization were less pronounced in the paired shallow lakes, because of a natural thermokarst failure likely impacting the reference lake. In the deep lake there was (a) moderate resistance to change in ecosystem functions at all trophic levels, (b) eventual responses were often nonlinear, and (c) postfertilization recovery (return) times were most rapid at the base of the food web (2–4 yr) while higher trophic levels failed to recover after 6 yr. The timing and magnitude of responses to fertilization in these arctic lakes were similar to responses in other lakes, suggesting indirect effects of climate change that modify nutrient inputs may affect many lakes in the future.
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