Demographically corrected norms for African Americans and Caucasians on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, Stroop Color and Word Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 64-Card Version.
Demographically corrected norms for African Americans and Caucasians on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, Stroop Color and Word Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 64-Card Version.
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DOI：
10.1080/13803395.2011.559157
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发表时间：
2011-08
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
HNRC Group
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Norman MA;Moore DJ;Taylor M;Franklin D Jr;Cysique L;Ake C;Lazarretto D;Vaida F;Heaton RK;HNRC Group
记忆和执行功能是临床神经心理学实践和研究的两个重要组成部分。已知多种人口统计学因素对大多数NP测试的表现有不同的影响，但许多广泛使用的工具没有足够的规范性校正，包括种族/民族。本研究比较了健康白人（n = 143）和非裔美国人（n = 103）在广泛使用的语言和视觉学习和记忆测试（简明视觉记忆测试修订版，霍普金斯语言记忆测试修订版）和执行功能（Stroop颜色和单词测试，威斯康星州卡片分类测试-64）中的人口统计学贡献。年龄，教育，性别和种族/民族的人口统计学因素被认为是所有四个测试的一些指数的重要因素。在大多数指标上，非裔美国人的人口贡献（特别是年龄）大于白人。计算每个人种/种族的新的、人口统计学校正的T评分公式。使用先前公布的规范性标准的NP损害率显着高估NP损害在非洲裔美国人。利用本文开发和提供的新人口统计学校正，两个人种/种族之间的NP损伤率相当，并且与任一人种/种族组的其他人口统计学特征（年龄、教育、性别）无关。研究结果支持需要考虑扩展的人口统计学贡献的神经心理测试性能在临床和研究环境。
Memory and executive functioning are two important components of clinical neuropsychological (NP) practice and research. Multiple demographic factors are known to affect performance differentially on most NP tests, but adequate normative corrections, inclusive of race/ethnicity, are not available for many widely used instruments. This study compared demographic contributions for widely used tests of verbal and visual learning and memory (Brief Visual Memory Test-Revised, Hopkins Verbal Memory Test-Revised), and executive functioning (Stroop Color and Word Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64) in groups of healthy Caucasians (n = 143) and African-Americans (n = 103). Demographic factors of age, education, gender, and race/ethnicity were found to be significant factors on some indices of all four tests. The magnitude of demographic contributions (especially age) was greater for African-Americans than Caucasians on most measures. New, demographically corrected T-score formulas were calculated for each race/ethnicity. The rates of NP impairment using previously published normative standards significantly overestimated NP impairment in African-Americans. Utilizing the new demographic corrections developed and presented herein, NP impairment rates were comparable between the two race/ethnicities and unrelated to the other demographic characteristics (age, education, gender) in either race/ethnicity group. Findings support the need to consider extended demographic contributions to neuropsychological test performance in clinical and research settings.
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DOI：
10.1076/1380-3395(200002)22:1;1-8;ft080
发表时间：
2000-02-01
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
Norman, MA;Evans, JD;Heaton, RK
通讯作者：
Heaton, RK
DOI：
10.1076/jcen.25.4.571.13876
发表时间：
2003-06-01
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
Diehr, MC;Cherner, M;Heaton, RK
通讯作者：
Heaton, RK
DOI：
10.1017/s1355617702813157
发表时间：
2002-03-01
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Manly, JJ;Jacobs, DM;Stern, Y
通讯作者：
Stern, Y
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Manly, Jennifer J.;Echemendia, Ruben J.
通讯作者：
Echemendia, Ruben J.
DOI：
10.1017/s135561779953302x
发表时间：
1999-03-01
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Manly, JJ;Jacobs, DM;Stern, Y
通讯作者：
Stern, Y