Impacts of wind farms on swans and geese: a review
Impacts of wind farms on swans and geese: a review
复制标题
风电场对天鹅和鹅的影响：综述
DOI：
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
E. Rees
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
E. Rees
这篇综述回顾了近海和陆上风电场对天鹅影响的公开数据，发现现有信息并不完整。在46个风电场报告的72只天鹅或鹅中，大多数(39只鸟)是在德国的23个风电场报告的，这些数据是在那里整理的。在33个地点中，有67%的地点进行了≤1年的施工后监测，这使得测试累积效应或撞击率的年度变化变得困难。在监测或记录天鹅碰撞的46个风力发电场中，只有9个测量了鸟类的场地使用情况。越冬地点取食鸟类的移位距离在100-600米之间，但初步证据表明，也发生了大规模的移位，在安装风电场后，天鹅和鹅返回的地区较少。8项关于飞行行为的研究都报告了最初看到的飞向涡轮机的天鹅或鹅的飞行路线发生了变化，距离从几百米到5公里不等；50%-100%的个人/群体避免进入涡轮机之间的区域，但在某些情况下，样本量很小。关键的知识差距仍然存在，包括风电场安装是否对返回越冬地区的鸟类数量产生持续的负面影响；避免飞行行为是否随天气条件、风电场规模、习惯和涡轮机的排列而变化；提供可靠的避风率措施；以及风电场的连续发展对特定天鹅种群产生累积影响的程度。因此，建议：1)定期进行建造后监测和结果传播，2)更严格地评估风电场导致鸟类从传统越冬区大规模迁徙的程度，3)对风电场附近的飞行路线进行进一步的详细研究，无论是在迁徙期间还是对于在觅食区和栖息地之间往返的鸟类，以提供更严格的碰撞和避避率评估，以便纳入碰撞风险模型，以及4)分析碰撞死亡率和物种范围内所有风电场的栖息地丧失，以确定它们是否对种群产生重大影响。
This review considers data published on the effects of offshore and onshore windfarms on swans and geese and finds that the information available is patchy. Of 72 swans or geese reported as collision victims at 46 wind farms, most (39 birds) were reported at 23 wind farms in Germany where such data are collated. Post-construction monitoring was undertaken for ≤ 1 year at 67% of 33 sites, making it difficult to test for cumulative effects or annual variation in collision rates. Site use by the birds was measured at only nine of 46 wind farms where collisions by swans and geese were monitored or recorded. Displacement distances of feeding birds at wintering sites ranged from 100–600 m, but preliminary evidence suggested that large-scale displacement also occurs, with fewer swans and geese returning to areas after wind farms were installed. Eight studies of flight behaviour all reported changes in flight-lines for swans or geese initially seen heading towards the turbines, at distances ranging from a few hundred metres to 5 km; 50–100% of individuals/groups avoided entering the area between turbines, but in some cases the sample sizes were small. Key knowledge gaps remain, including whether wind farm installation has a consistently negative effect on the number of birds returning to a wintering area; whether flight avoidance behaviour varies with weather conditions, wind farm size, habituation and the alignment of the turbines; provision of robust avoidance rate measures; and the extent to which serial wind farm development has a cumulative impact on specific swan and goose populations. It is therefore recommended that: 1) post-construction monitoring and dissemination of results be undertaken routinely, 2) the extent to which wind farms cause larger-scale displacement of birds from traditional wintering areas be assessed more rigorously, 3) further detailed studies of flight-lines in the vicinity of wind farms should be undertaken, both during migration and for birds commuting between feeding areas and the roost, to provide a more rigorous assessment of collision and avoidance rates for inclusion in collision risk models, and 4) the combination of collision mortality and habitat loss at all wind farms in the species’ range be analysed in determining whether they have a significant effect on the population.
影响因子：
4.8
作者：
Inger, Richard;Harrison, Xavier A.;Bearhop, Stuart
通讯作者：
Bearhop, Stuart