The dynamics of faculty hiring networks
The dynamics of faculty hiring networks
复制标题
教师招聘网络的动态
作者：
Eun Lee;A. Clauset;D. Larremore
教师招聘网络--聘用毕业生担任教师--表现出很高的等级制度，这可能会加剧学术界的社会和认知性不平等。了解推动这些模式的机制将有助于推动学院多样化的努力，并为招聘在塑造哪些科学发现方面发挥的作用提供新的线索。在这里，我们调查了结构机制在多大程度上能够解释经验性教师招聘网络中观察到的层级和其他网络特征。我们研究了一系列适应性的重新布线网络模型，这些模型通过五种不同的方式增强了机构在等级制度中的威望。每种机制都根据特定机构的声望得分来确定新员工来自该机构的可能性，该得分是从招聘网络的现有结构中推断出来的。我们发现，真实招聘网络中的结构性不平等和中心性模式，最好是通过一种全球安置权力机制来再现，在这种机制中，一名新员工从某一特定机构招聘，比例与之前在任何地方吸引的员工数量成比例。另一方面，偏向可见性的网络衡量标准可以更好地概括为本地安置权力机制，在这种机制中，根据招聘机构现有的先前招聘人数的比例，从特定机构抽调新员工。这些截然不同的结果表明，强化教师招聘网络层级的潜在结构机制是全球和地方对机构声望的偏好的混合体。在这些动态下，我们表明，由于一场压倒性的竞争，压倒性地有利于更有声望的机构，每个机构在层次结构中的地位都非常稳定。这些结果突显了以声望为基础的教师聘用制度的强化作用，以及了解其对学术界多样性和创新的影响的重要性。
Faculty hiring networks—who hires whose graduates as faculty—exhibit steep hierarchies, which can reinforce both social and epistemic inequalities in academia. Understanding the mechanisms driving these patterns would inform efforts to diversify the academy and shed new light on the role of hiring in shaping which scientific discoveries are made. Here, we investigate the degree to which structural mechanisms can explain hierarchy and other network characteristics observed in empirical faculty hiring networks. We study a family of adaptive rewiring network models, which reinforce institutional prestige within the hierarchy in five distinct ways. Each mechanism determines the probability that a new hire comes from a particular institution according to that institution’s prestige score, which is inferred from the hiring network’s existing structure. We find that structural inequalities and centrality patterns in real hiring networks are best reproduced by a mechanism of global placement power, in which a new hire is drawn from a particular institution in proportion to the number of previously drawn hires anywhere. On the other hand, network measures of biased visibility are better recapitulated by a mechanism of local placement power, in which a new hire is drawn from a particular institution in proportion to the number of its previous hires already present at the hiring institution. These contrasting results suggest that the underlying structural mechanism reinforcing hierarchies in faculty hiring networks is a mixture of global and local preference for institutional prestige. Under these dynamics, we show that each institution’s position in the hierarchy is remarkably stable, due to a dynamic competition that overwhelmingly favors more prestigious institutions. These results highlight the reinforcing effects of a prestige-based faculty hiring system, and the importance of understanding its ramifications on diversity and innovation in academia.
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影响因子：
13.6
作者：
De Bacco C;Larremore DB;Moore C
通讯作者：
Moore C
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1915378117
发表时间：
2020-04-28
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Hofstra, Bas;Kulkarni, Vivek V.;McFarland, Daniel A.
通讯作者：
McFarland, Daniel A.
影响因子：
3.6
作者：
Morgan, Allison C.;Economou, Dimitrios J.;Clauset, Aaron
通讯作者：
Clauset, Aaron
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1817431116
发表时间：
2019-05-28
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Way, Samuel F.;Morgan, Allison C.;Clauset, Aaron
通讯作者：
Clauset, Aaron