Glutamate and GABA as rapid effectors of hypothalamic "peptidergic" neurons.
Glutamate and GABA as rapid effectors of hypothalamic "peptidergic" neurons.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00081
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Burdakov D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Schöne C;Burdakov D
调节饥饿、觉醒、奖赏寻求和体重的重要下丘脑神经元通常由下丘脑特异性神经肽的独特表达来定义。基因消融研究表明，这些肽中的一些，特别是食欲素/下丘脑泌素（hcrt/orx），本身对意识的稳定状态和代谢健康至关重要。然而，神经元消融研究往往揭示更严重的表型，共表达的递质的关键作用。事实上，大多数下丘脑神经元，包括hcrt/orx细胞，含有快速递质谷氨酸和GABA，以及几种神经肽。同一神经元表达的不同递质之间的作用和关系是什么？在这里，我们考虑在行为定义的，广泛投射的“肽能”神经元，如hcrt/orx细胞中释放不同递质的信号编码与递质和受体多样性的关系。然后，我们讨论了最新的光遗传学研究的内源性递质释放从定义的轴突组原位，这表明，最近表征的重要肽能神经元[例如，hcrt/orx、阿黑皮素原（POMC）和刺鼠相关肽（AgRP）细胞]，以及经典的调节神经元（例如，多巴胺和乙酰胆碱细胞），都使用快速递质来控制它们的突触后靶点。这些光遗传学的见解补充了最近的观察行为缺陷所造成的基因消融的快速传输从特定的神经肽能和胺能神经元。以前被认为主要是“调节”的神经元发出的强大而快速（毫秒级）的GABA能和谷氨酸能信号，提出了关于它们共同表达的较慢的共同递质的作用的新问题。
Vital hypothalamic neurons regulating hunger, wakefulness, reward-seeking, and body weight are often defined by unique expression of hypothalamus-specific neuropeptides. Gene-ablation studies show that some of these peptides, notably orexin/hypocretin (hcrt/orx), are themselves critical for stable states of consciousness and metabolic health. However, neuron-ablation studies often reveal more severe phenotypes, suggesting key roles for co-expressed transmitters. Indeed, most hypothalamic neurons, including hcrt/orx cells, contain fast transmitters glutamate and GABA, as well as several neuropeptides. What are the roles and relations between different transmitters expressed by the same neuron? Here, we consider signaling codes for releasing different transmitters in relation to transmitter and receptor diversity in behaviorally defined, widely projecting “peptidergic” neurons, such as hcrt/orx cells. We then discuss latest optogenetic studies of endogenous transmitter release from defined sets of axons in situ, which suggest that recently characterized vital peptidergic neurons [e.g., hcrt/orx, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) cells], as well as classical modulatory neurons (e.g., dopamine and acetylcholine cells), all use fast transmitters to control their postsynaptic targets. These optogenetic insights are complemented by recent observations of behavioral deficiencies caused by genetic ablation of fast transmission from specific neuropeptidergic and aminergic neurons. Powerful and fast (millisecond-scale) GABAergic and glutamatergic signaling from neurons previously considered to be primarily “modulatory” raises new questions about the roles of slower co-transmitters they co-express.
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影响因子：
2.5
作者：
España, RA;Reis, KM;Berridge, CW
通讯作者：
Berridge, CW
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0910986107
发表时间：
2010-01-05
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
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通讯作者：
Wallen-Mackenzie, Asa
影响因子：
5.7
作者：
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通讯作者：
Boyden ES
影响因子：
64.5
作者：
Chemelli, RM;Willie, JT;Yanagisawa, M
通讯作者：
Yanagisawa, M
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Adamantidis, Antoine R.;Zhang, Feng;De Lecea, Luis
通讯作者：
De Lecea, Luis