On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia.
On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia.
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DOI：
10.1186/1471-2148-10-323
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发表时间：
2010-10-25
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Schrödl M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jörger KM;Stöger I;Kano Y;Fukuda H;Knebelsberger T;Schrödl M
作为重建其进化历史的基础，一个强有力的真神经腹足类系统发育假说仍然受到几组异常的、或多或少像蠕虫的蛞蝓的阻碍，这些蛞蝓的系统发育关系不清楚。作为后鳃类的一个传统的“目”，无毛目在其分布上有着长期的争议，其中包括对主要小型底栖动物栖息地的趋同适应。本研究包括七个acochlidian家庭在一个全面的euthyneuran分类群抽样特别关注分钟，异常蛞蝓。由于没有微小的无壳腹足动物的化石记录，分子钟被用来估计Euthyneura内的分歧时间。我们的多位点分子研究证实Acochlidia在肺的关系，作为姐妹Eupulmonata。以前的假设后鳃关系，或与其他小型底栖动物Euthyneura的共同起源，显然被拒绝。Aitengidae incerta sedis是一种两栖食虫动物，与小型底栖动物、半咸水拟海鲶科（Pseudunelidae）和淡水拟海鲶科（Acochlididae）同属一个类群。传统上定义的Euthyneura，后鳃和肺是非单系的。一个宽松的分子钟的方法表明晚古生代多样化的Euthyneura和中生代起源的主要Euthyneura的多样性，包括Acochlidia。目前的研究表明，包括小，神秘的群体是必要的，以解决深层次的系统发育关系，并强调，“肺”和“后鳃”的系统发育，分别不能独立地解决彼此。我们的系统发育假说需要重新调查真神经属的传统分类：根据所提出的系统发育来评估传统定义的肺鳃亚目和后鳃亚目的形态突触，并提出了主要类群的重新定义。它表明，小型底栖动物栖息地的入侵已经发生了几次独立的各种euthyneuran类群，导致收敛适应以前被误解为synapomorphies。包括Acochlidia扩展肺的结构和生物多样性，提出了一个显着的灵活性，关于栖息地的选择。
A robust phylogenetic hypothesis of euthyneuran gastropods, as a basis to reconstructing their evolutionary history, is still hindered by several groups of aberrant, more or less worm-like slugs with unclear phylogenetic relationships. As a traditional "order" in the Opisthobranchia, the Acochlidia have a long history of controversial placements, among others influenced by convergent adaptation to the mainly meiofaunal habitats. The present study includes six out of seven acochlidian families in a comprehensive euthyneuran taxon sampling with special focus on minute, aberrant slugs. Since there is no fossil record of tiny, shell-less gastropods, a molecular clock was used to estimate divergence times within Euthyneura. Our multi-locus molecular study confirms Acochlidia in a pulmonate relationship, as sister to Eupulmonata. Previous hypotheses of opisthobranch relations, or of a common origin with other meiofaunal Euthyneura, are clearly rejected. The enigmatic amphibious and insectivorous Aitengidae incerta sedis clusters within Acochlidia, as sister to meiofaunal and brackish Pseudunelidae and limnic Acochlidiidae. Euthyneura, Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata as traditionally defined are non-monophyletic. A relaxed molecular clock approach indicates a late Palaeozoic diversification of Euthyneura and a Mesozoic origin of the major euthyneuran diversity, including Acochlidia. The present study shows that the inclusion of small, enigmatic groups is necessary to solve deep-level phylogenetic relationships, and underlines that "pulmonate" and "opisthobranch" phylogeny, respectively, cannot be solved independently from each other. Our phylogenetic hypothesis requires reinvestigation of the traditional classification of Euthyneura: morphological synapomorphies of the traditionally defined Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia are evaluated in light of the presented phylogeny, and a redefinition of major groups is proposed. It is demonstrated that the invasion of the meiofaunal habitat has occurred several times independently in various euthyneuran taxa, leading to convergent adaptations previously misinterpreted as synapomorphies. The inclusion of Acochlidia extends the structural and biological diversity in pulmonates, presenting a remarkable flexibility concerning habitat choice.
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