Immune cellular networks underlying recovery from influenza virus infection in acute hospitalized patients.

How innate and adaptive immune responses work in concert to resolve influenza disease is yet to be fully investigated in one single study. Here, we utilize longitudinal samples from patients hospitalized with acute influenza to understand these immune responses. We report the dynamics of 18 important immune parameters, related to clinical, genetic and virological factors, in influenza patients across different severity levels. Influenza disease correlates with increases in IL-6/IL-8/MIP-1α/β cytokines and lower antibody responses. Robust activation of circulating T follicular helper cells correlates with peak antibody-secreting cells and influenza heamaglutinin-specific memory B-cell numbers, which phenotypically differs from vaccination-induced B-cell responses. Numbers of influenza-specific CD8+ or CD4+ T cells increase early in disease and retain an activated phenotype during patient recovery. We report the characterisation of immune cellular networks underlying recovery from influenza infection which are highly relevant to other infectious diseases. The immunological parameters that define severe influenza disease are not clear within human real time infections. Here the authors compare a severe influenza infection cohort with an influenza vaccinated cohort to understand correlates of severe influenza disease.

先天免疫应答和适应性免疫应答如何协同作用以解决流感疾病，尚未在一项单独的研究中得到充分研究。在此，我们利用急性流感住院患者的纵向样本了解这些免疫应答。我们报告了不同严重程度的流感患者中与临床、遗传和病毒学因素相关的18个重要免疫参数的动态变化。流感疾病与白细胞介素 - 6/白细胞介素 - 8/巨噬细胞炎性蛋白 - 1α/β细胞因子增加以及抗体应答降低相关。循环中的T滤泡辅助细胞的强烈激活与抗体分泌细胞峰值以及流感血凝素特异性记忆B细胞数量相关，其表型不同于疫苗接种诱导的B细胞应答。流感特异性CD8 +或CD4 + T细胞数量在疾病早期增加，并在患者康复期间保持激活表型。我们报告了流感感染康复背后的免疫细胞网络的特征，这与其他传染病高度相关。 在人类实时感染中，定义严重流感疾病的免疫学参数尚不清楚。在此，作者比较了严重流感感染队列和流感疫苗接种队列，以了解严重流感疾病的相关因素。