Bottom-Up Atomistic Descriptions of Top-Down Macroscopic Measurements: Computational Benchmarks for Hammett Electronic Parameters

Bottom-Up Atomistic Descriptions of Top-Down Macroscopic Measurements: Computational Benchmarks for Hammett Electronic Parameters
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自下而上的宏观测量的原子描述:哈米特电子参数的计算基准

DOI:
10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00045
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发表时间:
2024
期刊:
ACS Physical Chemistry Au
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Paton, Robert S.
Paton, Robert S.
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Luchini, Guilian;Paton, Robert S.

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将取代基电子效应与化学反应性联系起来的能力是物理有机化学和线性自由能关系的基石。电子参数的计算是越来越有吸引力的,因为它们可以快速获得的结构和取代基没有可用的实验数据,并可以应用于芳香族取代基以外,例如,在过渡金属配合物和脂肪族和自由基系统的研究。然而,“自上而下”的宏观观测量的描述,如哈米特参数使用“自下而上”的计算方法,对从业者提出了几个挑战。我们已经检查和基准的各种计算电荷方案的性能,包括量子力学方法,分区电荷密度,方法,适合电荷的物理观测值,和方法增强的半经验调整旁边的NMR值。我们研究了用于获得这些描述符的原子的位置,以及它们与经验Hammett参数和电子效应导致的速率差异的相关性。这些看似很小的选择比之前想象的影响要大得多,这超过了所使用的理论或基集的水平。我们在不同的计算协议中观察到广泛的性能,并观察到计算参数捕获帕拉电子效应与元电子效应的能力存在明显而令人惊讶的差异。一般来说,σ m预测比σp差得多。因此,选择在哪里计算这些描述符-对于环碳或连接的H或其他取代基原子-影响它们捕获实验电子差异的能力。基于密度的方案,如Hirshfeld电荷,对附近官能团产生的非物理电荷扰动更稳定,并且优于所有其他计算描述符,包括几种常用的基于基组的方案,如自然种群分析。使用附加原子也改善了统计相关性。我们获得了一般的线性关系的全局预测的实验Hammett参数从计算的描述符用于统计建模研究。
The ability to relate substituent electronic effects to chemical reactivity is a cornerstone of physical organic chemistry and Linear Free Energy Relationships. The computation of electronic parameters is increasingly attractive since they can be obtained rapidly for structures and substituents without available experimental data and can be applied beyond aromatic substituents, for example, in studies of transition metal complexes and aliphatic and radical systems. Nevertheless, the description of “top-down” macroscopic observables, such as Hammett parameters using a “bottom-up” computational approach, poses several challenges for the practitioner. We have examined and benchmarked the performance of various computational charge schemes encompassing quantum mechanical methods that partition charge density, methods that fit charge to physical observables, and methods enhanced by semiempirical adjustments alongside NMR values. We study the locations of the atoms used to obtain these descriptors and their correlation with empirical Hammett parameters and rate differences resulting from electronic effects. These seemingly small choices have a much more significant impact than previously imagined, which outweighs the level of theory or basis set used. We observe a wide range of performance across the different computational protocols and observe stark and surprising differences in the ability of computational parameters to capture para- vs meta-electronic effects. In general, σmpredictions fare much worse than σp. As a result, the choice of where to compute these descriptors─for the ring carbons or the attached H or other substituent atoms─affects their ability to capture experimental electronic differences. Density-based schemes, such as Hirshfeld charges, are more stable toward unphysical charge perturbations that result from nearby functional groups and outperform all other computational descriptors, including several commonly used basis set based schemes such as Natural Population Analysis. Using attached atoms also improves the statistical correlations. We obtained general linear relationships for the global prediction of experimental Hammett parameters from computed descriptors for use in statistical modeling studies.
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