Environmental fate and exposure; neonicotinoids and fipronil.
Environmental fate and exposure; neonicotinoids and fipronil.
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DOI：
10.1007/s11356-014-3332-7
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发表时间：
2015-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Tapparo A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bonmatin JM;Giorio C;Girolami V;Goulson D;Kreutzweiser DP;Krupke C;Liess M;Long E;Marzaro M;Mitchell EA;Noome DA;Simon-Delso N;Tapparo A
内吸性杀虫剂使用多种方法施用于植物，从叶面喷洒到种子处理和土壤浸泡。新烟碱和氟虫腈是世界上使用最广泛的杀虫剂之一。它们之所以受欢迎，主要是因为它们对无脊椎动物的毒性很高，施用起来容易和灵活，持久性长，而且具有系统性，这确保了它们扩散到目标作物的所有部位。然而，这些特性也增加了环境污染和非目标生物体暴露的可能性。环境污染通过多种途径发生，包括在播种拌种过程中产生的粉尘、耕地土壤和土壤水的污染和积累、径流进入水道、非目标植物通过根部吸收农药或粉尘沉积在叶子上。在土壤、水道和非目标植物中的持久性是可变的，但可以延长;例如，类烟碱在土壤中的半衰期可以超过1,000天，因此它们在重复使用时可以积累。同样，它们可以在木本植物中持续超过1年。分解产生有毒代谢物，尽管这些代谢物在环境中的浓度很少测量。总体而言，有强有力的证据表明，农业环境和邻近地区的土壤、水道和植物受到不同水平的类烟碱或氟虫腈混合物及其代谢物的污染（土壤，十亿分之一（ppb）-百万分之一（ppm）范围;水，万亿分之一（ppt）-ppb范围;植物，ppb-ppm范围）。这为非目标动物的慢性（和某些情况下的急性）接触提供了多种途径。例如，传粉者在钻探过程中直接接触灰尘;食用种子处理作物的花粉、花蜜或滴液、水，以及食用生长在处理作物附近的野花和树木的受污染花粉和花蜜。对来自地球仪的蜂群食物储存的研究表明，蜂群经常和长期暴露于类烟碱、氟虫腈及其代谢物（通常在1-100 ppb范围内），与其他杀虫剂混合，其中一些已知与类烟碱协同作用。其他非目标生物，特别是那些栖息在土壤、水生生境中的生物，或以农田中的非作物植物为食的食草昆虫，也将不可避免地受到接触，尽管这些群体的数据普遍缺乏。我们总结了目前的知识状态，这些化合物的环境命运，概述了什么是已知的这些化合物的化学性质，并将这些属性的背景下，现代农业实践。
Systemic insecticides are applied to plants using a wide variety of methods, ranging from foliar sprays to seed treatments and soil drenches. Neonicotinoids and fipronil are among the most widely used pesticides in the world. Their popularity is largely due to their high toxicity to invertebrates, the ease and flexibility with which they can be applied, their long persistence, and their systemic nature, which ensures that they spread to all parts of the target crop. However, these properties also increase the probability of environmental contamination and exposure of nontarget organisms. Environmental contamination occurs via a number of routes including dust generated during drilling of dressed seeds, contamination and accumulation in arable soils and soil water, runoff into waterways, and uptake of pesticides by nontarget plants via their roots or dust deposition on leaves. Persistence in soils, waterways, and nontarget plants is variable but can be prolonged; for example, the half-lives of neonicotinoids in soils can exceed 1,000 days, so they can accumulate when used repeatedly. Similarly, they can persist in woody plants for periods exceeding 1 year. Breakdown results in toxic metabolites, though concentrations of these in the environment are rarely measured. Overall, there is strong evidence that soils, waterways, and plants in agricultural environments and neighboring areas are contaminated with variable levels of neonicotinoids or fipronil mixtures and their metabolites (soil, parts per billion (ppb)-parts per million (ppm) range; water, parts per trillion (ppt)-ppb range; and plants, ppb-ppm range). This provides multiple routes for chronic (and acute in some cases) exposure of nontarget animals. For example, pollinators are exposed through direct contact with dust during drilling; consumption of pollen, nectar, or guttation drops from seed-treated crops, water, and consumption of contaminated pollen and nectar from wild flowers and trees growing near-treated crops. Studies of food stores in honeybee colonies from across the globe demonstrate that colonies are routinely and chronically exposed to neonicotinoids, fipronil, and their metabolites (generally in the 1–100 ppb range), mixed with other pesticides some of which are known to act synergistically with neonicotinoids. Other nontarget organisms, particularly those inhabiting soils, aquatic habitats, or herbivorous insects feeding on noncrop plants in farmland, will also inevitably receive exposure, although data are generally lacking for these groups. We summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the environmental fate of these compounds by outlining what is known about the chemical properties of these compounds, and placing these properties in the context of modern agricultural practices.
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影响因子：
4.1
作者：
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