Compendia: reducing virtual-memory costs via selective densification

Compendia: reducing virtual-memory costs via selective densification
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概要:通过选择性致密化降低虚拟内存成本

DOI:
10.1145/3459898.3463902
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发表时间:
2021
期刊:
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影响因子:
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通讯作者:
Ainsworth S
Ainsworth S
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文献类型:
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作者:
Ainsworth S

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虚拟到物理内存转换正在成为工作负载执行中越来越占主导地位的成本;随着数据大小的扩展,每次转换需要多达4次内存访问,在虚拟化系统中需要24次。然而,今天用来保存这些翻译的基数树具有许多有利的属性,包括可缓存性,适合传统的4 KiB页帧的能力,以及稀疏表示。在本文中,我们认为,这些结构实际上是太稀疏的现代工作量,所以许多的开销是不必要的。相反,在适当的情况下,我们扩展了4 KiB层的组,每个层能够转换9位地址空间,成为一个单一的2 MiB层,能够在一个单一的内存访问中转换18位。这些适合大多数传统操作系统和体系结构使用的标准大页面分配。通过对页表-步行者结构的微小扩展来支持这些,并帮助它们的可缓存性,我们可以将每次步行的内存访问减少27%,或者对于虚拟化系统减少56%,而没有显著的内存开销。
Virtual-to-physical memory translation is becoming an increasingly dominant cost in workload execution; as data sizes scale, up to four memory accesses are required per translation, and 24 in virtualised systems. However, the radix trees in use today to hold these translations have many favorable properties, including cacheability, ability to fit in conventional 4 KiB page frames, and a sparse representation. They are therefore unlikely to be replaced in the near future.In this paper we argue that these structures are actually too sparse for modern workloads, so many of the overheads are unnecessary. Instead, where appropriate, we expand groups of 4 KiB layers, each able to translate 9 bits of address space, into a single 2 MiB layer, able to translate 18 bits in a single memory access. These fit in the standard huge-page allocations used by most conventional operating systems and architectures. With minor extensions to the page-table-walker structures to support these, and aid in their cacheability, we can reduce memory accesses per walk by 27%, or 56% for virtualised systems, without significant memory overhead.
DOI: --
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DOI: 10.1109/isca.1993.698544
发表时间: 1993
期刊: Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture
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Jerome C. Huck;Jim Hays
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