The imperative for polar education
The imperative for polar education
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极地教育势在必行
DOI：
10.1080/10899995.2021.1903242
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Scowcroft, Gail A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Gold, Anne U.;Pfirman, Stephanie;Scowcroft, Gail A.
由于气候变化，极地地区正在经历巨大而切实的影响（IPCC，2014; USGCRP，2018）。自现代观测开始以来，北极是地球上第一个经历重大气候突变的地区（Auger等人，2019年），该地区变暖的速度是世界其他地区的两倍。在过去的10年中，有9年北极的气温比1981-2010年的平均气温至少高出1摄氏度，导致天气模式和冰浓度迅速变化（Escheran等人，2020年）。2020年，北极地区经历了创纪录的高气温、创纪录的低海冰范围和积雪覆盖，以及前所未有的野火（Escheran等人，2020年）。在地球的另一极，南极半岛的冰盖表面融化一直在加速（Tuckett等人，2019年），威胁加速冰盖崩溃（Pattyn & Morlighem，2020年）。尽管极地地区远离世界上大多数人口，但它们深刻地影响了低纬度的天气模式，提高了海平面，并在世界经济和安全中占有重要地位（美国国家科学基金会（NSF），2020）。极地环境的变化已经引起了重要的科学和社会问题，包括北方半球天气的破坏，渔业的变化和海平面的上升。鉴于这些深远的影响，了解极地地区、极地过程以及极地气候变化与全球气候之间的联系对世界各地的人们都很重要。“极地发生的事情影响着我们所有人”一直是2020年国际极地周的主题。极地教育必须覆盖教育专业人员，所有年龄段的学生和公众。在北极进行研究的偏远极地和极端条件为捕捉学习者和公众对科学，历史，文化，经济和地理到艺术等主题的想象力提供了独特的机会。与此同时，由于缺乏交通便利，很难为生活在极地以外的人提供真正的实地和海上研究经验，只有少数科学家和更少的教师和学生能够从低纬度地区参加。利用现代电信工具将北极和南极研究人员与世界各地的学习者联系起来的举措以及经过审查的极地教育材料是提高公众极地素养的两个关键因素。世纪以来，美国和世界各国在极地研究方面投入了大量资源，1882年至2008年的四个国际极地年（IPY）期间的大型国际研究活动就是例证。美国加大了对极地研究的投资，2017年，“新北极导航”被宣布为该机构的十大想法之一，旨在改善北极地区的观测，了解北极系统和全球影响。北极气候研究多学科漂流观测站（MOSAiC）考察就是国家对极地研究重新投资的一个例子，其中有一个重要的公众参与部分。为期一年的探险2019年至2020年期间，来自20多个国家的500多名研究人员在他们的研究船被海冰冻结在北冰洋上漂流时，持续收集观测数据并交流研究结果。虽然许多大型研究计划包括对公共宣传和教育的大量投资，例如第四届国际极地年，但在2019年至2020年期间，（2007-2008），北极环境变化研究（STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL Arctic CHANGE）和MOSAiC，一个很大的比例...
The polar regions are experiencing dramatic and tangible impacts due to climate change (IPCC, 2014; USGCRP, 2018). The Arctic is the first region on the planet to experience a major abrupt climate change since the onset of modern observations (Auger et al., 2019), and the region is warming twice as fast as the rest of the world. Nine of the last 10years saw air temperatures in the Arctic of at least 1 C warmer than the 1981-2010 mean, resulting in rapidly changing weather patterns and ice concentrations (Thoman et al., 2020). In 2020, the Arctic region experienced record high air temperatures, record low sea ice extent and snow cover, and unprecedented wildfires (Thoman et al., 2020). Across the Earth at the other pole, surface melting of ice sheets has been accelerating across the Antarctic Peninsula (Tuckett et al., 2019), threatening to accelerate ice sheet collapse (Pattyn & Morlighem, 2020). Even though polar regions are far away from most of the world’s population, they profoundly impact lower-latitude weather patterns, raise sea level, and figure prominently in the world’s economy and security (National Science Foundation (NSF), 2020). The changing polar environments have created important scientific and societal concerns, including disruptions to Northern Hemisphere weather, shifting fisheries, and rising sea levels. Given these far-reaching impacts, understanding polar regions, polar processes and the connections between climate change at the poles and global climate is important for people across the world.“What happens in polar regions affects all of us” has been the theme of the 2020 International Polar Week. There is a critical imperative for polar education to reach education professionals, students of all ages, and the public. The remote polar regions and extreme conditions under which research is conducted in the Arctic provide unique opportunities for capturing the imagination of learners and the public on topics ranging from science, history, culture, economics and geography to the arts. At the same time, lack of accessibility makes it difficult to provide authentic field and at-sea research experiences for those living outside the polar regions, allowing only few scientists and many fewer teachers and students from lower latitudes to participate. Initiatives that connect the Arctic and Antarctic researchers to learners worldwide, using modern telecommunication tools, and vetted polar education materials are two key ingredients for increasing general public polar literacy. For over a century, the US and countries across the world have invested significant resources in polar research, illustrated by large international research campaigns during the four International Polar Years (IPY) between 1882 and 2008. The US intensified this investment in polar research, when in 2017 Navigating the New Arctic was announced as one of the agencies’ ten big ideas aiming to improve observations across the Arctic, the understanding of the Arctic system, and global impacts. The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition is one example of this renewed national investment in polar research, which had a major public engagement component. This year-long expedition (2019-2020) allowed over 500 researchers from over 20 nations to collect observations and communicate findings on an on-going basis, as their research vessel, frozen in sea ice, drifted across the Arctic Ocean.While many of the large research programs have included significant investment in public outreach and education, such as the 4th IPY (2007–2008), Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH), and MOSAiC, a large proportion of …
DOI：
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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作者：
L. Hamilton
通讯作者：
L. Hamilton
极地科学的关键概念：就基本极地素养原则达成共识
DOI：
10.5334/cjme.42
发表时间：
2020
期刊：
Public Understanding of Science (Bristol, England)
影响因子：
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作者：
J. McDonnell;L. Hotaling;O. Schofield;J. Kohut
通讯作者：
J. Kohut
美国人对气候变化的了解
DOI：
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
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作者：
educhenin
通讯作者：
educhenin