Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide turnover in natural and engineered microbial communities: biological pathways, chemical reactions, and novel technologies.
Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide turnover in natural and engineered microbial communities: biological pathways, chemical reactions, and novel technologies.
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DOI：
10.3389/fmicb.2012.00372
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Wells GF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Schreiber F;Wunderlin P;Udert KM;Wells GF
一氧化二氮（N2 O）是一种重要的大气痕量气体，因为它是一种有效的温室气体，并且通过平流层中的光化学一氧化氮（NO）产生而导致臭氧消耗。减缓其在大气中浓度的稳步增加需要了解导致其在自然和工程微生物群落中形成的机制。N2 O是由羟胺（NH 2 OH）氧化或亚硝酸盐（NO−2）还原为NO并进一步还原为N2 O而形成的。我们对N2 O产生的生物学途径的综述表明，显然所有已知参与微生物氮循环分解代谢分支的生物体和途径都有可能催化NO−2还原为NO，并进一步将NO还原为N2 O，而N2 O的形成仅由氨氧化细菌（AOB）完成。除了生物学途径，我们还回顾了由于NO−2、NH 2 OH和硝酰基（HNO）的反应性而导致NO和N2 O形成的重要化学反应。此外，生物N2 O的形成是高度动态的N-不平衡施加在一个系统。因此，了解NO的形成和捕获NO和N2 O积累的动力学是理解N2 O释放机制的关键。在这里，我们讨论了新的技术，允许实验NO和N2 O形成在高时间分辨率，即NO和N2 O微电极和动态分析的同位素签名的N2 O与量子级联激光吸收光谱（QCLAS）。此外，我们还介绍了其他技术，使用N2 O的同位素组成来区分生产途径和发现，在复杂的环境中与新兴的分子技术。最后，我们讨论了如何结合所提出的工具可能有助于解决重要的开放性问题的途径和控制氮流通过复杂的微生物群落，最终导致N2 O的积累。
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an environmentally important atmospheric trace gas because it is an effective greenhouse gas and it leads to ozone depletion through photo-chemical nitric oxide (NO) production in the stratosphere. Mitigating its steady increase in atmospheric concentration requires an understanding of the mechanisms that lead to its formation in natural and engineered microbial communities. N2O is formed biologically from the oxidation of hydroxylamine (NH2OH) or the reduction of nitrite (NO−2) to NO and further to N2O. Our review of the biological pathways for N2O production shows that apparently all organisms and pathways known to be involved in the catabolic branch of microbial N-cycle have the potential to catalyze the reduction of NO−2 to NO and the further reduction of NO to N2O, while N2O formation from NH2OH is only performed by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB). In addition to biological pathways, we review important chemical reactions that can lead to NO and N2O formation due to the reactivity of NO−2, NH2OH, and nitroxyl (HNO). Moreover, biological N2O formation is highly dynamic in response to N-imbalance imposed on a system. Thus, understanding NO formation and capturing the dynamics of NO and N2O build-up are key to understand mechanisms of N2O release. Here, we discuss novel technologies that allow experiments on NO and N2O formation at high temporal resolution, namely NO and N2O microelectrodes and the dynamic analysis of the isotopic signature of N2O with quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy (QCLAS). In addition, we introduce other techniques that use the isotopic composition of N2O to distinguish production pathways and findings that were made with emerging molecular techniques in complex environments. Finally, we discuss how a combination of the presented tools might help to address important open questions on pathways and controls of nitrogen flow through complex microbial communities that eventually lead to N2O build-up.
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影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Ahn, Joon Ho;Kwan, Tiffany;Chandran, Kartik
通讯作者：
Chandran, Kartik
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Baulch, Helen M.;Schiff, Sherry L.;Dillon, Peter J.
通讯作者：
Dillon, Peter J.
影响因子：
8.4
作者：
Andersen, K;Kjær, T;Revsbech, NP
通讯作者：
Revsbech, NP
影响因子：
4.2
作者：
Braker, Gesche;Dorsch, Peter;Bakken, Lars R.
通讯作者：
Bakken, Lars R.
影响因子：
4.4
作者：
Braker, G;Tiedjë, JM
通讯作者：
Tiedjë, JM