Innate Immune Sensing of Viruses and Its Consequences for the Central Nervous System.
Innate Immune Sensing of Viruses and Its Consequences for the Central Nervous System.
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DOI：
10.3390/v13020170
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发表时间：
2021-01-23
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Kaul M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Singh H;Koury J;Kaul M
病毒感染仍然是全球公共卫生问题，并造成严重的社会和经济负担。在生物体水平上，先天免疫系统对于检测病毒至关重要，并构成了第一道防线。病毒成分由宿主模式识别受体（PRR）感知。PRR可基于其定位进一步分类为Toll样受体（TLR）、C型凝集素受体（RECT 11）、视黄酸诱导基因-I（RIG-I）样受体（RLR）、NOD样受体（NLR）和胞质DNA传感器（CDS）。TLR和RLR信号传导导致以细胞特异性方式产生I型干扰素（IFNα和-β）和促炎细胞因子，而NLR信号传导导致产生白细胞介素-1家族蛋白。另一方面，CLR能够感测病毒病原体中存在的聚糖，其可以诱导吞噬、内吞、抗微生物和促炎反应。病毒的外周免疫感应和随后的细胞因子应答可显著影响中枢神经系统（CNS）。但是病毒也可以通过多种途径直接进入CNS，例如鼻上皮，沿着连接到外周的神经纤维，并作为穿过血脑屏障的浸润感染细胞的货物，直接在CNS中触发先天免疫感应和细胞因子应答。在这里，我们审查机制的病毒免疫感应和目前公认的后果中枢神经系统的先天免疫反应的病毒。
Viral infections remain a global public health concern and cause a severe societal and economic burden. At the organismal level, the innate immune system is essential for the detection of viruses and constitutes the first line of defense. Viral components are sensed by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs can be further classified based on their localization into Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLR), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and cytosolic DNA sensors (CDS). TLR and RLR signaling results in production of type I interferons (IFNα and -β) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in a cell-specific manner, whereas NLR signaling leads to the production of interleukin-1 family proteins. On the other hand, CLRs are capable of sensing glycans present in viral pathogens, which can induce phagocytic, endocytic, antimicrobial, and pro- inflammatory responses. Peripheral immune sensing of viruses and the ensuing cytokine response can significantly affect the central nervous system (CNS). But viruses can also directly enter the CNS via a multitude of routes, such as the nasal epithelium, along nerve fibers connecting to the periphery and as cargo of infiltrating infected cells passing through the blood brain barrier, triggering innate immune sensing and cytokine responses directly in the CNS. Here, we review mechanisms of viral immune sensing and currently recognized consequences for the CNS of innate immune responses to viruses.
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