Synthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications.
Synthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.005
复制
发表时间：
2014-11-01
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Huestis, Marilyn A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Castaneto, Marisol S.;Gorelick, David A.;Desrosiers, Nathalie A.;Hartman, Rebecca L.;Pirard, Sandrine;Huestis, Marilyn A.
合成大麻素（SC）是一组异质化合物，旨在探测内源性大麻素系统或作为潜在的治疗药物。秘密实验室随后利用公开的数据开发 SC 变体，作为可滥用的“设计药物”销售。 2000 年代初，SC 以“Spice”和“K2”等品牌作为“合法兴奋剂”而广受欢迎，部分原因是它们能够逃避标准大麻素筛选测试的检测。在草药产品中检测到的大多数 SC 对大麻素 CB1 受体的结合亲和力比对大麻植物中主要精神活性化合物 Δ9-四氢大麻酚 (THC) 更大，对 CB1 的亲和力比对 CB2 受体的亲和力更大。体外和动物体内研究表明，SC 的药理作用比 THC 强 2-100 倍，包括镇痛、抗癫痫、减肥、抗炎和抗癌生长作用。 SC 产生与 THC 类似的生理和精神作用，但强度更大，导致医疗和精神紧急情况。人类的不良反应包括恶心和呕吐、呼吸短促或呼吸抑制、高血压、心动过速、胸痛、肌肉抽搐、急性肾功能衰竭、焦虑、激动、精神病、自杀意念和认知障碍。长期或残留影响尚不清楚。由于这些公共卫生后果，许多 SC 被归类为受控物质。然而，秘密实验室频繁的结构改造导致了一系列新型 SC 的产生，这些 SC 可能无法通过常规实验室测试合法控制或检测到。我们在此基于系统的电子文献检索对 SC 流行病学和药理学及其临床意义进行了全面综述。
Synthetic cannabinoids (SC) are a heterogeneous group of compounds developed to probe the endogenous cannabinoid system or as potential therapeutics. Clandestine laboratories subsequently utilized published data to develop SC variations marketed as abuseable “designer drugs.” In the early 2000’s, SC became popular as “legal highs” under brand names such as “Spice” and “K2,” in part due to their ability to escape detection by standard cannabinoid screening tests. The majority of SC detected in herbal products have greater binding affinity to the cannabinoid CB1 receptor than does Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive compound in the cannabis plant, and greater affinity at the CB1 than the CB2 receptor. In-vitro and animal in-vivo studies show SC pharmacological effects 2-100 times more potent than THC, including analgesic, anti-seizure, weight-loss, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer growth effects. SC produce physiological and psychoactive effects similar to THC, but with greater intensity, resulting in medical and psychiatric emergencies. Human adverse effects include nausea and vomiting, shortness of breath or depressed breathing, hypertension, tachycardia, chest pain, muscle twitches, acute renal failure, anxiety, agitation, psychosis, suicidal ideation, and cognitive impairment. Long-term or residual effects are unknown. Due to these public health consequences, many SC are classified as controlled substances. However, frequent structural modification by clandestine laboratories results in a stream of novel SC that may not be legally controlled or detectable by routine laboratory tests. We present here a comprehensive review, based on a systematic electronic literature search, of SC epidemiology and pharmacology and their clinical implications.
登录
查看更多内容
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Bosier, Barbara;Muccioli, Giulio G.;Hermans, Emmanuel
通讯作者：
Hermans, Emmanuel
影响因子：
27.4
作者：
Balistreri, Epifania;Garcia-Gonzalez, Estrella;Distler, Joerg W. H.
通讯作者：
Distler, Joerg W. H.
影响因子：
5
作者：
Atwood, Brady K.;Lee, Donghoon;Mackie, Ken
通讯作者：
Mackie, Ken
影响因子：
6.1
作者：
Arnold, Jonathon C.;Dielenberg, Robert A.;McGregor, Lain S.
通讯作者：
McGregor, Lain S.
影响因子：
5
作者：
Banister, Samuel D.;Wilkinson, Shane M.;Kassiou, Michael
通讯作者：
Kassiou, Michael