Mini-Review: Perfluorocarbons, Oxygen Transport, and Microcirculation in Low Flow States: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies: Erratum.
Mini-Review: Perfluorocarbons, Oxygen Transport, and Microcirculation in Low Flow States: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies: Erratum.
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小型评论：全氟化碳、氧传输和低流量状态下的微循环：体内和体外研究：勘误表。
作者：
E. Al
自从世纪初发现维生素D，后来给儿童治疗佝偻病以来，维生素D对我们今天健康的影响是如此的多样化。已经表明，维生素D的作用不仅是维持血液中钙和磷酸盐稳态的经典作用，因此是骨骼和牙齿的形成和维持，而且是许多新证实的非经典作用，包括预防常见癌症，认知功能，心血管疾病及其危险因素，免疫系统功能和先天性和适应性免疫应答的协调，多发性硬化症的研究这篇简短的综述旨在强调沉默性维生素D缺乏综合征的危险以及达到足够的血清维生素D水平的重要性。一个关键的问题是迫切开始优化和验证维生素D及其代谢物的测定方法，因为其中大多数方法不可靠或尚未得到充分验证。维生素D和前体只存在于某些食物中，因此补充剂可能是必要的，特别是对于那些没有充分暴露在阳光下的人或北方国家的冬季月份，尽管目前很少有研究人员表示谨慎。引文：Emad Al-Dujaili。维生素D的作用EC Nutrition 3.3（2016）：656-660。现在有大量证据表明维生素D在人体中通过维生素D受体（VDR）发挥多种调节和功能作用，维生素D受体存在于许多组织中，包括内皮细胞[1]。维生素D对我们健康的影响是多种多样的，不仅是维持血液中钙和磷酸盐稳态以及骨骼和牙齿形成的经典作用，而且是新证实的非经典作用，包括预防常见癌症，心血管疾病，先天性和适应性免疫反应的有效协调以及人类多发性硬化症[2]。VDR在将25（OH）D [3]转化为其活性形式1，25-二（OH）D中起作用，这具有许多功能，包括对血管平滑肌的抗增殖作用、免疫和肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统调节以及刺激炎性细胞因子的释放[3]。因此，许多组织中维生素D受体的发现为维生素D的广泛功能及其缺乏的不良影响提供了新的见解[4]。一些研究表明，低血清维生素D水平与高血压、葡萄糖耐受不良、血脂异常、冠状动脉钙化以及CVD的发病有关。维生素D是骨骼生长和重塑，调节细胞生长，神经肌肉和免疫功能以及减少炎症所必需的。虽然维生素D缺乏症最常见的不良影响涉及肌肉骨骼系统，但越来越多的证据表明，低水平的维生素D可能会对心血管、免疫、生殖系统等产生不利影响[5，31]。维生素D缺乏症在世界范围内非常普遍。低水平的血清维生素D存在于多达30-50%的其他健康成人中[5]。由于阳光照射不足，富含维生素D的食物摄入量低，色素沉着的皮肤，室内生活方式和使用防晒霜导致的合成有限是血清维生素D水平低的主要原因，而不良的饮食习惯和食物或补充剂中维生素D的摄入也会导致缺乏症的风险。维生素D缺乏症在英国的冬季非常常见;维生素D3的合成几乎是不可能的，大多数英国人口可能缺乏维生素D [6]。维生素D缺乏症定义为血清维生素D水平< 40 nmol/L [7]，尽管一些研究人员建议维生素D水平> 75 nmol/L [8]和80至100 nmol/L维生素D;
Since the discovery of vitamin D at the beginning of the 20th century that was later given to children to treat rickets, the implications of vitamin D to our health nowadays are so diverse. It has been shown that vitamin D role is not only in the classical effects of maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the blood and therefore the formation and maintenance of bones and teeth, but a host of newly substantiated non-classical effects which include the protection against common cancers, cognitive function, cardiovascular disease and its risk factors, immune system function and coordination of innate and adaptive immune responses, multiple sclerosis in humans and others. This mini review is intended to highlight the dangers of the silent hypo vitaminosis D syndrome and the importance of achieving adequate serum vitamin D levels. A crucial issue is to urgently commence optimizing and validating assay methods for vitamin D and its metabolites, as most of these are not reliable or have not been fully validated. Vitamin D and precursors are present only in some foods, and therefore supplements might be necessary especially for people who do not expose themselves sufficiently to sun light or in winter months for northern countries, though few researchers have expressed caution at the present time. Citation: Emad Al-Dujaili. “Vitamin D; Multi-Potent Hormone”. EC Nutrition 3.3 (2016): 656-660. There is now an overwhelming body of evidence for the multiplicity of regulatory and functional roles of vitamin D in the human body exerted through vitamin D receptors (VDR), which are present in many tissues including endothelial cells [1]. The implications of vitamin D to our health are diverse, not only the classical effects of maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the blood and the formation of bones and teeth, but the newly substantiated non-classical effects which include the protection against common cancers, cardiovascular disease, potent coordination of innate and adaptive immune responses and multiple sclerosis in humans [2]. VDR have a role in the conversion of 25(OH)D [3] to its active form 1,25-di(OH)D, and this has many functions including anti-proliferative effects on vascular smooth muscle, immune and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems modulation and stimulating release of inflammatory cytokines [3]. Therefore, the discovery of vitamin D receptors in many tissues has provided new insights into the broad functions of vitamin D and the adverse effects of its deficiency [4]. Several studies suggest that low serum vitamin D levels are associated with hypertension, glucose intolerance, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery calcification and thus, the onset of CVD. Vitamin D is needed for bone growth and remodelling, modulation of cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function and reduction of inflammation. Although the most well-known adverse effect of vitamin D deficiency involves the musculoskeletal system, an increasing body of evidence suggests that low levels of vitamin D may adversely affect the cardiovascular, immune, reproductive systems and others [5,31]. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent worldwide. Low levels of serum vitamin D are present in as many as 30-50% of otherwise healthy adults [5]. Limited synthesis due to inadequate sun exposure, low intake of Vitamin D rich food, pigmented skin, indoor lifestyle and use of sun-screen are the main causes of low serum vitamin D levels, while a poor dietary habits and intake of vitamin D in food or supplement also contributes to the risk of deficiency. Hypovitaminosis D is very common in winter months in the UK; synthesis of vitamin D3 is almost impossible and the majority of the UK population might be vitamin D deficient [6]. Hypovitaminosis D is defined as a serum vitamin D level of < 40 nmol/L [7], though some researchers recommend a level of >75nmol/L to be adequate [8] and 80 to 100nmol/L Vitamin D; Multi-Potent Hormone
影响因子：
24
作者：
Al Mheid, Ibhar;Patel, Riyaz;Murrow, Jonathan;Morris, Alanna;Rahman, Ayaz;Fike, Lucy;Kavtaradze, Nino;Uphoff, Irina;Hooper, Craig;Tangpricha, Vin;Alexander, R. Wayne;Brigham, Kenneth;Quyyumi, Arshed A.
通讯作者：
Quyyumi, Arshed A.