Face Processing in Early Development: A Systematic Review of Behavioral Studies and Considerations in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic.
Face Processing in Early Development: A Systematic Review of Behavioral Studies and Considerations in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpsyg.2022.778247
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Farroni T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Carnevali L;Gui A;Jones EJH;Farroni T
人脸是婴幼儿视觉环境中最重要的刺激之一，它传递着社会认知发展的重要信息。在COVID-19疫情期间，戴口罩已成为家庭环境以外的普遍做法。由于面罩覆盖了鼻子和嘴巴区域，婴儿可获得的面部线索是贫乏的。这些变化对发展的影响尚不清楚，但对于围绕幼儿环境中的面罩任务的辩论至关重要。随着婴儿的成长，他们越来越多地与家庭以外的更广泛的熟悉和不熟悉的人互动;在这些环境中，戴口罩可能会影响社会发展。为了产生关于戴面具对婴儿社会发展的影响的假设，在目前的工作中，我们系统地回顾了N = 129项研究，这些研究是根据最新的PRISMA指南选择的，该指南提供了一个最先进的行为研究框架，研究婴儿早期的面部加工。我们专注于识别敏感期，在此期间，暴露于特定的面部特征或整个面部配置已被发现是重要的感知和社会交际技能的发展。对于感知技能，婴儿逐渐学会在整个面部配置的背景下分析眼睛或注视方向。这有助于身份识别以及情感表达歧视。对于社会交际技能，直接凝视和情感面部表情是至关重要的注意参与，而眼睛凝视线索是重要的联合注意。此外，对嘴的注意力与言语学习特别相关。我们讨论了可能的影响，暴露于蒙面的发展需要和功能的面孔。为进一步研究提供基础，我们鼓励调查戴口罩对婴儿感知和社会交往发展的影响，并在研究领域提出新的方向。
Human faces are one of the most prominent stimuli in the visual environment of young infants and convey critical information for the development of social cognition. During the COVID-19 pandemic, mask wearing has become a common practice outside the home environment. With masks covering nose and mouth regions, the facial cues available to the infant are impoverished. The impact of these changes on development is unknown but is critical to debates around mask mandates in early childhood settings. As infants grow, they increasingly interact with a broader range of familiar and unfamiliar people outside the home; in these settings, mask wearing could possibly influence social development. In order to generate hypotheses about the effects of mask wearing on infant social development, in the present work, we systematically review N = 129 studies selected based on the most recent PRISMA guidelines providing a state-of-the-art framework of behavioral studies investigating face processing in early infancy. We focused on identifying sensitive periods during which being exposed to specific facial features or to the entire face configuration has been found to be important for the development of perceptive and socio-communicative skills. For perceptive skills, infants gradually learn to analyze the eyes or the gaze direction within the context of the entire face configuration. This contributes to identity recognition as well as emotional expression discrimination. For socio-communicative skills, direct gaze and emotional facial expressions are crucial for attention engagement while eye-gaze cuing is important for joint attention. Moreover, attention to the mouth is particularly relevant for speech learning. We discuss possible implications of the exposure to masked faces for developmental needs and functions. Providing groundwork for further research, we encourage the investigation of the consequences of mask wearing for infants’ perceptive and socio-communicative development, suggesting new directions within the research field.
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