Sensitivity of Extreme Rainfall to Atmospheric Moisture Content in the Arid/Semiarid Southwestern United States: Implications for Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimates

Sensitivity of Extreme Rainfall to Atmospheric Moisture Content in the Arid/Semiarid Southwestern United States: Implications for Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimates
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美国干旱/半干旱西南部极端降雨对大气湿度的敏感性:对可能最大降水量估计的影响

DOI:
10.1002/2017jd027850
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发表时间:
2018
期刊:
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Smith, James
Smith, James
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Yang, Long;Smith, James

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基于天气研究和预报模型的数值试验,研究了2014年8月19日亚利桑那州风暴的极端降雨对大气湿度的敏感性。分析的目的是开发一个更好的理解大气水分含量和复杂的地形在控制极端降雨的空间和时间变化在美国西南部的干旱/半干旱的作用。控制模拟确定了低层水分输送和地形抬升的复杂相互作用,作为第一次风暴事件产生极端降雨的关键因素。通过在用于控制模拟的初始和边界条件下将相对湿度增加10%和20%来进行两个灵敏度实验。大气湿度的变化改变了风暴的结构和演变、风暴环境的不稳定性以及天气流与复杂地形的相互作用。这一事件中的两个风暴事件表现出对比的响应,水分含量的增加,降雨积累和最大对流可用势能增加的第二个风暴事件,而不是一个更复杂的关系,为第一个风暴事件。还设计了一个水分最大化模拟,以模仿水分最大化的框架,在可能的最大降水估计。我们的研究结果突出了在小尺度对流起主导作用的复杂环境中极端降雨和大气水分含量之间的非线性关系。可能的最大降水估计的物理模式的局限性进行了讨论。
Sensitivity of extreme rainfall to atmospheric moisture content for the 19 August 2014 storm in Arizona is investigated based on numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Analyses are designed to develop an improved understanding of the roles of atmospheric moisture content and complex terrain in controlling spatial and temporal variability of extreme rainfall in the arid/semiarid southwestern United States. The control simulation identifies complex interactions of low‐level moisture transport and orographic lift as key elements in producing extreme rainfall for the first storm episode. Two sensitivity experiments are performed by increasing the relative humidity by 10% and 20% in both initial and boundary conditions used for the control simulation. Changes in atmospheric moisture content modify the storm structure and evolution, instability of the storm environment, and interactions of synoptic flow with complex terrain. The two storm episodes within this event exhibit contrasting responses to the increase of moisture content, with rainfall accumulation and maximum convective available potential energy increased for the second storm episode as opposed to a more complex relationship for the first storm episode. A moisture maximization simulation was also designed to mimic the framework of moisture maximization in probable maximum precipitation estimates. Our results highlight the nonlinear relationship between extreme rainfall and atmospheric moisture content in complex environments where small‐scale convection plays a dominant role. Limitations of probable maximum precipitation estimates based physical models are also discussed.
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