The nature of cumulative impacts on biotic diversity of wetland vertebrates
The nature of cumulative impacts on biotic diversity of wetland vertebrates
复制标题
对湿地脊椎动物生物多样性的累积影响的性质
DOI：
10.1007/bf01867545
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发表时间：
1988
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
L. Harris
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
L. Harris
毫无疑问，累积的影响对湿地脊椎动物有重要的影响。物种多样性和群落结构的相互作用产生了一种复杂的模式，在这种模式中，环境影响可以发挥非常重要的作用。不同的例子展示了湿地如何维持脊椎动物种群内和种群之间的生物多样性，以及环境扰动相互作用以减少这种多样性的一些方式。营养金字塔和栖息地金字塔是有用的组织概念。栖息地碎片化可能在所有层面上产生严重影响，缩小较大的栖息地通才的可用范围，同时威胁到小而孤立的种群的遗传完整性。由于营养相互作用的复杂性，以及脊椎动物从一种食物来源转换到另一种食物来源的倾向或必要性--我们对此知之甚少--使得使用食物链支持作为预测环境影响的变量非常有问题。历史案例说明了影响累积对脊椎动物的影响。目前，尽管可以观察到长期效应，但几乎不可能预测三种或更多种不同扰动的结果。水禽就是一个很好的例子；虽然它们对铅弹的摄取、迁徙过程中猎人的捕捞和栖息地的丧失导致了水鸟数量的下降，但这些因素的比例责任尚未确定。进一步的例子表明，类似行动的乘数效应、长时间滞后的影响、可能对组成子系统产生集中影响的景观中的扩散过程，以及各种日益复杂的其他相互作用。不仅需要在各级提供更多信息，而且还必须在全景或区域范围内对影响进行评估，以作出知情的管理决定。我的结论是，允许与周围景观自然互动的复制湿地保护区系统在保护生物多样性方面将比孤立的保护区更有效。
There is no longer any doubt that cumulative impacts have important effects on wetland vertebrates. Interactions of species diversity and community structure produce a complex pattern in which environmental impacts can play a highly significant role. Various examples show how wetlands maintain the biotic diversity within and among vertebrate populations, and some of the ways that environmental perturbations can interact to reduce this diversity.The trophic and habitat pyramids are useful organizing concepts. Habitat fragmentation can have severe effects at all levels, reducing the usable range of the larger habitat generalists while threatening the genetic integrity of small, isolated populations. The complexity of trophic interactions, and the propensity, or necessity, of vertebrates to switch from one food source to another—something we know little about—makes using food chain support as a variable for predicting environmental impacts very questionable.Historical instances illustrate the effects of the accumulation of impacts on vertebrates. At present it is nearly impossible to predict the result of three or more different kinds of perturbations, although long-range effects can be observed. One case in point is waterfowl; while their ingestion of lead shot, harvesting by hunters during migration, and loss of habitat have caused waterfowl populations to decline, the proportional responsibility of these factors has not been determined.Further examples show multiplicative effects of similar actions, effects with long time lags, diffuse processes in the landscape that may have concentrated effects on a component subsystem, and a variety of other interactions of increasing complexity. Not only is more information needed at all levels; impacts must be assessed on a landscape or regional scale to produce informed management decisions. I conclude that a system of replicate wetland reserves that are allowed to interact naturally with the surrounding landscape will be more effective in preserving biotic diversity than isolated sanctuaries.
影响因子：
10.1
作者：
ODUM, EP
通讯作者：
ODUM, EP