Eclipse can deliver crack cocaine.
Eclipse can deliver crack cocaine.
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Eclipse 可以提供强效可卡因。
DOI：
10.1080/1462220021000032807
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Pickworth,WallaceB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Steckley,StaceyL;Darwin,WDavid;Henningfield,JackE;Huestis,MarilynA;Pickworth,WallaceB
致编辑：2000年4月，雷诺烟草公司（RJ Reynolds Tobacco）推出了一种名为Eclipse的尼古丁输送装置，该公司声称这种装置的烟雾浓度比香烟低（Slade, 2000）。Eclipse使用碳燃料元件来汽化填充材料中的物质（Slade, 2000; Fagerström, Hughes, Rasmussen, & Callas, 2000）。燃料元件用玻璃纤维垫绝缘，以防止管燃烧。填充材料，甘油处理的再造烟草，毗邻碳尖端，在铝箔内衬隔室。Eclipse利用了Premier（一种较早的设备）中使用的一些技术（Slade, 2000）。Premier的专利表明，它可以用来输送多种药理活性物质。的确，这个圆筒可以很容易地取出，倒空，重新装上可卡因，然后重新组装，这样总理就可以用来“吸食”可卡因。一项机器试验（Cone & Henningfield， 1989年）和一项人体研究（Foltin et al.， 1990年）证实，Premier运送了具有药理活性剂量的可卡因。对药物传递感兴趣的研究人员可能想知道Eclipse在给药方面的效率；其他人可能希望评估Eclipse在秘密用药中的使用情况（Pickworth & Henningfield, 1997）。Eclipse运送快克可卡因的潜力采用了Premier研究中采用的方法进行评估（Cone & Henningfield, 1989）。用镊子旋转并取出碳燃料元件。将快克可卡因（50mg）装入3个普通型和3个薄荷型Eclipse的前室，并更换燃料元件。把可卡因装进Eclipse的过程只花了1-2分钟。将Eclipse的过滤端插入通过乳胶管连接到固相萃取筒的吸嘴中。将药筒连接在真空泵上，真空泵通过装置抽吸周围空气（38ml/秒；10秒），与通常通过香烟或吸食可卡因抽吸的空气量大致相同（Foltin et al., 1990; Browne, 1990）。用乙腈和甲醇洗涤，用气相色谱/质谱法测定可卡因的含量。薄荷和普通的Eclipse分别平均提供4.6毫克和4.7毫克的可卡因。可卡因的运送百分比从1.8%到16.5%不等。这些数值与尼古丁含量为4%至22%的Premier香烟和尼古丁含量通常为10%至15%的烟草香烟相似（Browne, 1990）。机器吸食“总理”和“月食”后，吸食可卡因的范围如此之广，原因尚不清楚。可卡因（50毫克）是成瘾者使用的一种剂量，可产生精神活性作用，增加心率（Foltin et al., 1990; Preston, Sullivan, Strain, & Bigelow, 1996），血浆水平高达300 ng/ml （Foltin et al., 1990）。不同的吸烟条件、药物包装方式和额外的可卡因可以增加可卡因的输送，减少可卡因输送百分比的显著变化，这似乎是合理的。Eclipse还可以用来运送海洛因、安非他明或PCP，从而避免使用典型的吸毒用具。考虑使用Eclipse给药的研究人员应该注意玻璃纤维的污染（Pauly, Lee, Hurley, Cummings, Lesses & Streck, 1998）。Eclipse可输送其他毒素，包括一氧化碳和丙烯醛（Slade, 2000； Fagerström等人，2000），不应被认为是尼古丁、可卡因或其他药物的清洁输送系统。
To the Editor: In April 2000, RJ Reynolds Tobacco introduced Eclipse, a nicotine delivery device that the company claimed delivered lower levels of smoke than cigarettes (Slade, 2000). Eclipse uses a carbon fuel element to vaporize substances in the filler material (Slade, 2000; Fagerström, Hughes, Rasmussen, & Callas, 2000). The fuel element is insulated with a glass fiber mat to prevent the tube from burning. The filler material, glycerin-treated reconstituted tobacco, is adjacent to the carbon tip, in an aluminum-foil lined compartment. Eclipse utilizes some of the technology used in Premier, an earlier device (Slade, 2000). The patent of Premier indicated that it could be used to deliver a variety of pharmacologically active substances. Indeed, the cylinder could be readily removed, emptied, reloaded with cocaine, and reassembled whereupon Premier could be used to “smoke’cocaine. A machinetest (Cone & Henningfield, 1989) and a human study (Foltin et al., 1990) verified that Premier delivered pharmacologically active doses of cocaine. Researchers interested in drug delivery may want to know the efficiency of Eclipse for drug administration; others may wish to evaluate the use of Eclipse for surreptitious drug use (Pickworth & Henningfield, 1997). The potential of Eclipse to deliver crack cocaine was assessed using methods adopted from a study of Premier (Cone & Henningfield, 1989). Tweezers were used to rotate and remove the carbon fuel element. Crack cocaine (50mg) was loaded into the anterior compartment of three regular and three menthol Eclipse and the fuel element was replaced. The process of loading the cocaine into the Eclipse took only 1–2 min. The filter end of the Eclipse was inserted into a mouthpiece that was connected by latex tubing to a solid phase extraction cartridge. The cartridge was attached to a vacuum pump that drew ambient air through the device (38ml/sec; 10sec), about the same air volume that is often drawn through a cigarette or when smoking crack (Foltin et al., 1990; Browne, 1990).The cartridges were washed with acetonitrile and methanol, and the quantity of cocaine was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The menthol and the regular Eclipse delivered an average of 4.6 and 4.7 mg cocaine, respectively. The percent delivery of cocaine varied from 1.8% to 16.5%. These values are similar to those found for Premier, 4% to 22%, and for tobacco cigarettes, which typically deliver 10% to 15% nicotine (Browne, 1990). The reasons for the wide range of cocaine delivery after machine smoking both Premier, and Eclipse are unclear. Cocaine (50 mg) is a dose used by addicts that produced psychoactive effects, increased heart rate (Foltin et al., 1990; Preston, Sullivan, Strain, & Bigelow, 1996) and plasma levels up to 300 ng/ml (Foltin et al., 1990). It is plausible that different smoking conditions, drug packing approaches, and additional cocaine could increase delivery and diminish the marked variation in percent cocaine delivery. Eclipse might also be used to deliver heroin, amphetamine or PCP, obviating the need to use typical drug paraphernalia. Researchers who consider using Eclipse for drug delivery should be aware of contamination by glass fibers (Pauly, Lee, Hurley, Cummings, Lesses & Streck, 1998). Eclipse delivers other toxins, including CO and acrolein (Slade, 2000; Fagerström et al, 2000) and should not be considered a clean delivery system for nicotine, cocaine, or other drugs.
香烟过滤嘴的玻璃纤维污染：对吸烟者的额外健康风险？
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1998
期刊：
Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.
影响因子：
--
作者：
Pauly,JL;Lee,HJ;Hurley,EL;Cummings,KM;Lesses,JD;Streck,RJ
通讯作者：
Streck,RJ
Premier“无烟香烟”可用于输送快克。
DOI：
10.1001/jama.1989.03420010051015
发表时间：
1989
期刊：
JAMA
影响因子：
--
作者：
E. Cone;J. Henningfield
通讯作者：
J. Henningfield
吸烟药物：吸引消费者的药理学基础
影响因子：
6
作者：
W. Pickworth;J. Henningfield
通讯作者：
J. Henningfield