Smokable drugs: pharmacologic basis for consumer appeal
Smokable drugs: pharmacologic basis for consumer appeal
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吸烟药物：吸引消费者的药理学基础
DOI：
10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02934.x
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发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
6
通讯作者：
J. Henningfield
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
W. Pickworth;J. Henningfield
1920年代吸食海洛英在香港兴起，其后在50年内蔓延至整个亚洲和西欧，令人回想起其他可吸食毒品的吸引力。除海洛因外，可吸食的苯环己哌啶、可卡因、吲哚类致幻剂（如二甲基色胺）和安非他明也越来越容易获得，传统的吸食毒品尼古丁、鸦片和四氢大麻酚（大麻）也越来越容易获得。吸食毒品的还有混合毒品：五氯苯酚和可卡因（“太空基地”）、可卡因和海洛因（“追逐和掠夺”）、可卡因和烟草（“鱼子酱”）以及快克可卡因和大麻（“格里米”）（Wesson & Washburn，1990年）。可吸烟形式的药物容易获得，相对便宜，很少担心无菌性，并且通常比静脉注射溶液更方便。与吸烟相关的刺激（如味觉、嗅觉、咽喉感觉）可能会增加吸烟药物的吸引力和成瘾倾向（Rose & Levin，1991）。此外，肺部吸收避免了口服给药后发生的初始肝脏代谢，这可以大大减少到达体循环的药物量。
The emergence of heroin smoking in Hong Kong in the 1920s and its subsequent spread throughout Asia and into western Europe over the next 50 years recalls the appeal of other smokable drugs. In addition to heroin, smokable forms of phencyclidine (PCP), cocaine, indole hallucinogens (eg dimethyltryptamine, DMT) and amphetamines are becoming increasingly available as are the traditionally smoked drugsnicotine, opium and tetrahydrocannibinol (marijuana). Also smoked are drug combinations: PCP and cocaine ('spacebase'), cocaine and heroin (chasing and basing'), cocaine and tobacco ('caviars') and crack cocaine and marijuana ('grimmie')(Wesson & Washburn, 1990).Drug smoking reduces barriers to intravenous injection such as the fear of needles and infectious diseases, and eliminates the need to procure syringes and needles. Smokable forms of drugs are readily available, relatively inexpensive, there is little concern about sterility and, generally, are more convenient to administer than intravenous solutions. Stimuli associated with smoking (eg taste, smell, sensations in the throat and pharynx) may increase the appeal and the addiction liability of the smoked drug (Rose & Levin, 1991). Furthermore, lung absorption avoids the initial hepatic metabolism that occurs after oral administration which can greatly reduce the amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation.
维持吸烟过程中条件强化和初级强化之间的相互关系。
DOI：
10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01816.x
发表时间：
1991
期刊：
British journal of addiction
影响因子：
--
作者：
Rose,JE;Levin,ED
通讯作者：
Levin,ED