A comparison of robust methods for Mendelian randomization using multiple genetic variants

Locke, Adam E.;Kahali, Bratati;Berndt, Sonja I.;Justice, Anne E.;Pers, Tune H.;Day, Felix R.;Powell, Corey;Vedantam, Sailaja;Buchkovich, Martin L.;Yang, Jian;Croteau-Chonka, Damien C.;Esko, Tonu;Fall, Tove;Ferreira, Teresa;Gustafsson, Stefan;Kutalik, Zoltan;Luan, Jian'an;Maegi, Reedik;Randall, Joshua C.;Winkler, Thomas W.;Wood, Andrew R.;Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie;Faul, Jessica D.;Smith, Jennifer A.;Zhao, Jing Hua;Zhao, Wei;Chen, Jin;Fehrmann, Rudolf;Hedman, Asa K.;Karjalainen, Juha;Schmidt, Ellen M.;Absher, Devin;Amin, Najaf;Anderson, Denise;Beekman, Marian;Bolton, Jennifer L.;Bragg-Gresham, L.;Buyske, Steven;Demirkan, Ayse;Deng, Guohong;Ehret, Georg B.;Feenstra, Bjarke;Feitosa, Mary F.;Fischer, Krista;Goel, Anuj;Gong, Jian;Jackson, Anne U.;Kanoni, Stavroula;Kleber, Marcus E.;Kristiansson, Kati;Lim, Unhee;Lotay, Vaneet;Mangino, Massimo;Leach, Irene Mateo;Medina-Gomez, Carolina;Medland, Sarah E.;Nalls, Michael A.;Palmer, Cameron D.;Pasko, Dorota;Pechlivanis, Sonali;Peters, Marjolein J.;Prokopenko, Inga;Shungin, Dmitry;Stancakova, Alena;Strawbridge, Rona J.;Sung, Yun Ju;Tanaka, Toshiko;Teumer, Alexander;Trompet, Stella;van der Laan, Sander W.;van Settee, Jessica;Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Jana V.;Wang, Zhaoming;Yengo, Loic;Zhang, Weihua;Isaacs, Aaron;Albrecht, Eva;Arnlov, Johan;Arscott, Gillian M.;Attwood, Antony P.;Bandinelli, Stefania;Barrett, Amy;Bas, Isabelita N.;Bellis, Claire;Bennett, Amanda J.;Berne, Christian;Blagieva, Roza;Blueher, Matthias;Bohringer, Stefan;Bonnycastle, Lori L.;Boettcher, Yvonne;Boyd, Heather A.;Bruinenberg, Marcel;Caspersen, Ida H.;Chen, Yii-Der Ida;Clarke, Robert;Daw, E. Warwick;de Craen, Anton J. M.;Delgado, Graciela;Dimitriou, Maria;Doney, Alex S. F.;Eklund, Niina;Estrada, Karol;Eury, Elodie;Folkersen, Lasse;Fraser, Ross M.;Garcia, Melissa E.;Geller, Frank;Giedraitis, Vilmantas;Gigante, Bruna;Go, Alan S.;Golay, Alain;Goodall, Alison H.;Gordon, Scott D.;Gorski, Mathias;Grabe, Hans-Joergen;Grallert, Harald;Grammer, Tanja B.;Graessler, Jurgen;Gronberg, Henrik;Groves, Christopher J.;Gusto, Gaeelle;Haessler, Jeffrey;Hall, Per;Haller, Toomas;Hallmans, Goran;Hartman, Catharina A.;Hassinen, Maija;Hayward, Caroline;Heard-Costa, Nancy L.;Helmer, Qinta;Hengstenberg, Christian;Holmen, Oddgeir;Hottenga, Jouke-Jan;James, Alan L.;Jeff, Janina M.;Johansson, Asa;Jolley, Jennifer;Juliusdottir, Thorhildur;Kinnunen, Leena;Koenig, Wolfgang;Koskenvuo, Markku;Kratzer, Wolfgang;Laitinen, Jaana;Lamina, Claudia;Leander, Karin;Lee, Nanette R.;Lichtner, Peter;Lind, Lars;Lindstrom, Jaana;Lo, Ken Sin;Lobbens, Stephane;Lorbeer, Roberto;Lu, Yingchang;Mach, Francois;Magnusson, Patrik K. E.;Mahajan, Anubha;McArdle, Wendy L.;McLachlan, Stela;Menni, Cristina;Merger, Sigrun;Mihailov, Evelin;Milani, Lili;Moayyeri, Alireza;Monda, Keri L.;Morken, Mario A.;Mulas, Antonella;Mueller, Gabriele;Mueller-Nurasyid, Martina;Musk, Arthur W.;Nagaraja, Ramaiah;Noethen, Markus M.;Nolte, Ilja M.;Pilz, Stefan;Rayner, Nigel W.;Renstrom, Frida;Rettig, Rainer;Ried, Janina S.;Ripke, Stephan;Robertson, Neil R.;Rose, Lynda M.;Sanna, Serena;Scharnagl, Hubert;Scholtens, Salome;Schumacher, Fredrick R.;Scott, William R.;Seufferlein, Thomas;Shi, Jianxin;Smith, Albert Vernon;Smolonska, Joanna;Stanton, Alice V.;Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur;Stirrups, Kathleen;Stringham, Heather M.;Sundstrom, Johan;Swertz, Morris A.;Swift, Amy J.;Syvanen, Ann-Christine;Tan, Sian-Tsung;Tayo, Bamidele O.;Thorand, Barbara;Thorleifsson, Gudmar;Tyrer, Jonathan P.;Uh, Hae-Won;Vandenput, Liesbeth;Verhulst, Frank C.;Vermeulen, Sita H.;Verweij, Niek;Vonk, Judith M.;Waite, Lindsay L.;Warren, Helen R.;Waterworth, Dawn;Weedon, Michael N.;Wilkens, Lynne R.;Willenborg, Christina;Wilsgaard, Tom;Wojczynski, Mary K.;Wong, Andrew;Wrightl, Alan F.;Zhang, Qunyuan;Brennan, Eoin P.;Choi, Murim;Dastani, Zari;Drong, Alexander W.;Eriksson, Per;Franco-Cereceda, Anders;Gadin, Jesper R.;Gharavi, Ali G.;Goddard, Michael E.;Handsaker, Robert E.;Huang, Jinyan;Karpe, Fredrik;Kathiresan, Sekar;Keildson, Sarah;Kiryluk, Krzysztof;Kubo, Michiaki;Lee, Jong-Young;Liang, Liming;Lifton, Richard P.;Ma, Baoshan;McCarroll, Steven A.;McKnight, Amy J.;Min, Josine L.;Moffatt, Miriam F.;Montgomery, Grant W.;Murabito, Joanne M.;Nicholson, George;Nyholt, Dale R.;Okada, Yukinori;Perry, John R. B.;Dorajoo, Rajkumar;Reinmaa, Eva;Salem, Rany M.;Sandholm, Niina;Scott, Robert A.;Stolk, Lisette;Takahashi, Atsushi;Tanaka, Toshihiro;van 't Hooft, Ferdinand M.;Vinkhuyzen, Anna A. E.;Westra, Harm-Jan;Zheng, Wei;Zondervan, Krina T.;Heath, Andrew C.;Arveiler, Dominique;Bakker, Stephan J. L.;Beilby, John;Bergman, Richard N.;Blangero, John;Bovet, Pascal;Campbell, Harry;Caulfield, Mark J.;Cesana, Giancarlo;Chakravarti, Aravinda;Chasman, Daniel I.;Chines, Peter S.;Collins, Francis S.;Crawford, Dana C.;Cupples, L. Adrienne;Cusi, Daniele;Danesh, John;de Faire, Ulf;den Ruijter, Hester M.;Dominiczak, Anna F.;Erbel, Raimund;Erdmann, Jeanette;Eriksson, Johan G.;Farrall, Martin;Felix, Stephan B.;Ferrannini, Ele;Ferrieres, Jean;Ford, Ian;Forouhi, Nita G.;Forrester, Terrence;Franco, Oscar H.;Gansevoort, Ron T.;Gejman, Pablo V.;Gieger, Christian;Gottesman, Omri;Gudnason, Vilmundur;Gyllensten, Ulf;Hall, Alistair S.;Harris, Tamara B.;Hattersley, Andrew T.;Hicks, Andrew A.;Hindorff, Lucia A.;Hingorani, Aroon D.;Hofman, Albert;Homuth, Georg;Hovingh, G. Kees;Humphries, Steve E.;Hunt, Steven C.;Hypponen, Elina;Illig, Thomas;Jacobs, Kevin B.;Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta;Joeckel, Karl-Heinz;Johansen, Berit;Jousilahti, Pekka;Jukema, J. Wouter;Jula, Antti M.;Kaprio, Jaakko;Kastelein, John J. P.;Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka M.;Kiemeney, Lambertus A.;Knekt, Paul;Kooner, Jaspal S.;Kooperberg, Charles;Kovacs, Peter;Kraja, Aldi T.;Kumari, Meena;Kuusisto, Johanna;Lakka, Timo A.;Langenberg, Claudia;Le Marchand, Laic;Lehtimaki, Terho;Lyssenko, Valeriya;Mannisto, Satu;Marette, Andre;Matise, Tara C.;McKenzie, Colin A.;McKnight, Barbara;Moll, Frans L.;Morris, Andrew D.;Morris, Andrew P.;Murray, Jeffrey C.;Nelis, Mari;Ohlsson, Claes;Oldehinkel, Albertine J.;Ong, Ken K.;Madden, Pamela A. F.;Pasterkamp, Gerard;Peden, John F.;Peters, Annette;Postma, Dirkje S.;Pramstaller, Peter P.;Price, Jackie F.;Qi, Lu;Raitakari, Olli T.;Rankinen, Tuomo;Rao, D. C.;Rice, Treva K.;Ridker, Paul M.;Rioux, John D.;Ritchie, Marylyn D.;Rudan, Igor;Salomaa, Veikko;Samani, Nilesh J.;Saramines, Jouko;Sarzynski, Mark A.;Schunkert, Heribert;Schwarz, Peter E. H.;Sever, Peter;Shuldiner, Alan R.;Sinisalo, Juha;Stolk, Ronald P.;Strauch, Konstantin;Toenjes, Anke;Tregouet, David-Alexandre;Tremblay, Angelo;Tremoli, Elena;Virtamo, Jarmo;Vohl, Marie-Claude;Voelker, Uwe;Waeber, Gerard;Willemsen, Gonneke;Witteman, Jacqueline C.;Zillikens, M. Carola;Adair, Linda S.;Amouyel, Philippe;Asselbergs, Folkert W.;Assimes, Themistocles L.;Bochud, Murielle;Boehm, Bernhard O.;Boerwinkle, Eric;Bornstein, Stefan R.;Bottinger, Erwin P.;Bouchard, Claude;Cauchi, Stephane;Chambers, John C.;Chanock, Stephen J.;Cooper, Richard S.;de Bakker, Paul I. W.;Dedoussis, George;Ferrucci, Luigi;Franks, Paul W.;Froguel, Philippe;Groop, Leif C.;Haiman, Christopher A.;Hamsten, Anders;Hui, Jennie;Hunter, David J.;Hveem, Kristian;Kaplan, Robert C.;Kivimaki, Mika;Kuh, Diana;Laakso, Markku;Liu, Yongmei;Martin, Nicholas G.;Maerz, Winfried;Melbve, Mads;Metspalu, Andres;Moebus, Susanne;Munroe, Patricia B.;Njolstad, Inger;Oostra, Ben A.;Palmer, Colin N. A.;Pedersen, Nancy L.;Perola, Markus;Perusse, Louis;Peters, Ulrike;Power, Chris;Quertermous, Thomas;Rauramaa, Rainer;Rivadeneira, Fernando;Saaristo, Timo E.;Saleheen, Danish;Sattar, Naveed;Schadt, Eric E.;Schlessinger, David;Slagboom, P. Eline;Snieder, Harold;Spector, Tim D.;Thorsteinsdottir, Unnu R.;Stumvoll, Michael;Tuomilehto, Jaakko;Uitterlinden, Andre G.;Uusitupa, Matti;van der Harst, Pim;Walker, Mark;Wallaschofski, Henri;Wareham, Nicholas J.;Watkins, Hugh;Weir, David R.;Wichmann, H-Erich;Wilson, James F.;Zanen, Pieter;Borecki, Ingrid B.;Deloukas, Panos;Fox, Caroline S.;Heid, Iris M.;O'Connell, Jeffrey R.;Strachan, David P.;Stefansson, Kari;van Duijri, Cornelia M.;Abecasis, Goncalo R.;Franke, Lude;Frayling, Timothy M.;McCarthy, Mark I.;Visscher, Peter M.;Scherag, Andre;Willer, Cristen J.;Boehnke, Michael;Mohlke, Karen L.;Lindgren, Cecilia M.;Beckmann, Jacques S.;Barroso, Ines;North, Kari E.;Ingelsson, Erik;Hirschhorn, Joel N.;Loos, Ruth J. F.;Speliotes, Elizabeth K.