Development of brain behavior integration systems related to criminal culpability from childhood to young adulthood: Does it stop at 18 years?
Development of brain behavior integration systems related to criminal culpability from childhood to young adulthood: Does it stop at 18 years?
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DOI：
10.1007/s40817-021-00101-1
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发表时间：
2021-06
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Gur RC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gur RC
大脑从受孕到成年的发育速度，以及这一成熟过程与大脑的产物——行为之间的关系，一直是神经科学的一个重要课题，对法律实践具有重要影响，在死刑案件中最为显著。美国最高法院在2005年裁定，对未满18岁犯罪的人判处死刑是违宪的，这在一定程度上是基于神经科学证据，证明了大脑执行系统的长期成熟。从那以后，关于大脑发育和行为的多个指标获得了更多的数据，现在法院面临的一个问题是，18岁的法定年龄是否有科学依据，还是从发育神经科学的证据来看，它是武断的，需要重新评估。在这里，我介绍了神经科学家用来测量与复杂行为相关的大脑发育参数的方法，并总结了迄今为止的主要发现。自2005年以来，有几项大规模的研究揭示了与主要行为领域相关的多模态大脑参数。这些研究集中显示了脑组织的长期发育及其连通性，以及静息状态和任务相关活动的生理参数，这是大脑处理和整合信息能力的基础。这些差异的发展过程并没有在18岁时达到顶峰，实际上它一直持续到20岁出头。我的结论是，18岁及以上的人群，可能到23岁左右，因此和17岁的人一样容易受到这些大脑结构和功能不成熟对行为（尤其是行为控制）的影响。
The rate at which the brain develops from conception to adulthood, and how that maturational process relates to brain’s product, behavior, has been a major topic for the neurosciences with implications to legal practice, most dramatically in the case of the death penalty. Based partly on neuroscience evidence for protracted maturation of executive brain systems, the US Supreme Court ruled in 2005 that capital punishment is unconstitutional for crimes committed while under the age of 18. Much more data have since been acquired on multiple indices of brain development and behavior, and a question now facing the courts is whether the cutoff age of 18 has a scientific basis or, from the developmental neuroscience evidence, it is arbitrary and in need for re-evaluation. Here I present methods used by neuroscientists to measure parameters of brain development related to complex behavior, and summarize the major findings to date. Since 2005, there have been several large-scale studies revealing multimodal brain parameters related to major domains of behavior. These studies converge to show protracted development of brain tissue and its connectivity, as well as physiologic parameters of resting-state and task-related activity, which underlie the ability of the brain to process and integrate information. The developmental course of these differences does not reach its apex at 18, indeed it continues into the early 20s. I conclude that this 18 and older population, probably up to around age 23, is therefore just as vulnerable to the effects on behavior (especially behavioral control) of the lack of maturation of these brain structures and functions as are 17-year-olds.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0402680101
发表时间：
2004-05-25
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Gogtay, N;Giedd, JN;Thompson, PM
通讯作者：
Thompson, PM
影响因子：
6.7
作者：
Gur, Ruben C
通讯作者：
Gur, Ruben C
影响因子：
16.6
作者：
Tang E;Giusti C;Baum GL;Gu S;Pollock E;Kahn AE;Roalf DR;Moore TM;Ruparel K;Gur RC;Gur RE;Satterthwaite TD;Bassett DS
通讯作者：
Bassett DS
影响因子：
5.3
作者：
Gennatas, Efstathios D.;Avants, Brian B.;Gur, Ruben C.
通讯作者：
Gur, Ruben C.
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Gur, Ruben C.;Butler, Ellyn R.;Gur, Raquel E.
通讯作者：
Gur, Raquel E.