Friend matters: sex differences in social language during autism diagnostic interviews.
Friend matters: sex differences in social language during autism diagnostic interviews.
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DOI：
10.1186/s13229-021-00483-1
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发表时间：
2022-01-10
期刊：
影响因子：
6.2
通讯作者：
Parish-Morris J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cola M;Yankowitz LD;Tena K;Russell A;Bateman L;Knox A;Plate S;Cubit LS;Zampella CJ;Pandey J;Schultz RT;Parish-Morris J
自闭症患者经常会遇到社交方面的挑战。女孩被诊断患有自闭症的频率低于男孩，即使她们的症状同样严重，这可能是由于对自闭症在女孩身上的表现方式了解不足。自闭症行为表现的差异，包括人们谈论社会话题的方式，可能导致这些持续存在的识别问题。尽管越来越多的研究表明自闭症男孩和女孩在社会关注、友谊、社会动机和语言等多个领域表现出不同的症状特征，但自闭症男孩和女孩口头交流方式的差异尚未得到很好的理解。在半结构化的临床评估过程中，仔细分析男孩和女孩的社交语言，可以揭示自闭症个体行为表现中的潜在性别差异，这可能有助于识别和有效支持自闭症女孩。在这里，我们比较社交词汇的使用在言语流利的自闭症女孩和男孩在ADOS-2模块3的采访部分，并测量与临床表型的关联。学龄期自闭症女孩和男孩（N = 101，25名女性;年龄6-15岁）在年龄，智商和自闭症症状严重程度的父母/临床医生评级上相匹配。我们的初步分析比较了自闭症男孩和女孩产生的社交词汇的数量（标准化以解释总词汇产生的差异）。社交词是指其他人的词，包括朋友和家人。性别对社交词的产生有显著的主效应，自闭症女孩比自闭症男孩使用更多的社交词。为了确定驱动这种效应的特定类型的单词，分析了朋友和家人单词的其他子类别。性别对朋友词有显著影响，女孩使用的朋友词明显多于男孩。然而，性别对家庭词汇没有显著的主要影响，这表明社会词汇产生的性别差异可能是由女孩比男孩更多地谈论朋友而不是家庭所驱动的。为了评估词语使用和临床表型之间的关系，我们将ADOS-2社会情感（SA）评分建模为社会词语产生的函数。在总体样本中，社交词的使用与ADOS-2 SA评分显著相关，表明使用更多社交词的参与者被临床医生评为社交受损较少。然而，当对每个性别分别进行检查时，这一结果只适用于男孩。这项研究不能说明社交词汇的使用在年幼的儿童、成人或语言不流利的个体中可能存在差异;此外，在我们的样本中，自闭症男孩比女孩多，这使得很难检测到小的影响。在诊断评估中，自闭症女孩使用的社交词汇明显多于男孩，尽管在年龄、智商、父母和临床医生评定的自闭症症状严重程度上都是匹配的。自闭症社会表型的语言标记的性别差异尤其重要，因为晚诊断或漏诊对自闭症女孩的影响不成比例。具体来说，当非临床观察者预期自闭症女孩可能并不总是表现出男性典型的社会关注减少的模式时，对社会话题的高度讨论可能会使自闭症的转诊和诊断复杂化。在线版本包含补充材料，可通过10.1186/s13229-021-00483-1获得。
Autistic individuals frequently experience social communication challenges. Girls are diagnosed with autism less often than boys even when their symptoms are equally severe, which may be due to insufficient understanding of the way autism manifests in girls. Differences in the behavioral presentation of autism, including how people talk about social topics, could contribute to these persistent problems with identification. Despite a growing body of research suggesting that autistic girls and boys present distinct symptom profiles in a variety of domains, including social attention, friendships, social motivation, and language, differences in the way that autistic boys and girls communicate verbally are not yet well understood. Closely analyzing boys’ and girls’ socially-focused language during semi-structured clinical assessments could shed light on potential sex differences in the behavioral presentation of autistic individuals that may prove useful for identifying and effectively supporting autistic girls. Here, we compare social word use in verbally fluent autistic girls and boys during the interview sections of the ADOS-2 Module 3 and measure associations with clinical phenotype. School-aged girls and boys with autism (N = 101, 25 females; aged 6–15) were matched on age, IQ, and parent/clinician ratings of autism symptom severity. Our primary analysis compared the number of social words produced by autistic boys and girls (normalized to account for differences in total word production). Social words are words that make reference to other people, including friends and family. There was a significant main effect of sex on social word production, such that autistic girls used more social words than autistic boys. To identify the specific types of words driving this effect, additional subcategories of friend and family words were analyzed. There was a significant effect of sex on friend words, with girls using significantly more friend words than boys. However, there was no significant main effect of sex on family words, suggesting that sex differences in social word production may be driven by girls talking more about friends compared to boys, not family. To assess relationships between word use and clinical phenotype, we modeled ADOS-2 Social Affect (SA) scores as a function of social word production. In the overall sample, social word use correlated significantly with ADOS-2 SA scores, indicating that participants who used more social words were rated as less socially impaired by clinicians. However, when examined in each sex separately, this result only held for boys. This study cannot speak to the ways in which social word use may differ for younger children, adults, or individuals who are not verbally fluent; in addition, there were more autistic boys than girls in our sample, making it difficult to detect small effects. Autistic girls used significantly more social words than boys during a diagnostic assessment—despite being matched on age, IQ, and both parent- and clinician-rated autism symptom severity. Sex differences in linguistic markers of social phenotype in autism are especially important in light of the late or missed diagnoses that disproportionately affect autistic girls. Specifically, heightened talk about social topics could complicate autism referral and diagnosis when non-clinician observers expect a male-typical pattern of reduced social focus, which autistic girls may not always exhibit. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13229-021-00483-1.
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影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Beggiato, Anita;Peyre, Hugo;Delorme, Richard
通讯作者：
Delorme, Richard
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Chojnicka, Izabela;Wawer, Aleksander
通讯作者：
Wawer, Aleksander
影响因子：
3.8
作者：
De Goede, Irene H. A.;Branje, Susan J. T.;Meeus, Wim H. J.
通讯作者：
Meeus, Wim H. J.
DOI：
10.1177/1362361313480277
发表时间：
2014-07
期刊：
Autism : the international journal of research and practice
影响因子：
--
作者：
Daniels AM;Mandell DS
通讯作者：
Mandell DS
影响因子：
3.9
作者：
Bargiela, Sarah;Steward, Robyn;Mandy, William
通讯作者：
Mandy, William