Structural Characterization and Wear Investigations of Palladium Layers Electrochemically Deposited Using Ionic Liquids

Structural Characterization and Wear Investigations of Palladium Layers Electrochemically Deposited Using Ionic Liquids
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使用离子液体电化学沉积的钯层的结构表征和磨损研究

DOI:
10.1002/adem.201300117
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发表时间:
2013
影响因子:
3.6
通讯作者:
T. Lampke
T. Lampke
中科院分区:
材料科学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
T. Mehner;D. Nickel;S. Nehrkorn;G. Lanzinger;R. Böck;T. Lampke

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贵金属涂层具有优异的耐化学性和抗氧化性以及良好的电性能,使其成为许多应用(例如不同类型的电触点)的有趣材料。特别是对于可分离连接器,要求具有良好的耐磨性。由于成本限制,Au 和 Pt 必须用具有相似性能的价格较低的金属替代。 Pd 是一个合适的替代品;其价格不到金的一半。因此,Pd 作为接触材料的重要性日益增加。[1]薄 Pd 层可以通过电化学方法沉积;已知有几种电解质。[例如2] 到目前为止,由于易于处理且成本相对较低,钯层已使用水性电解质沉积。然而,不期望的氢共沉积是导致氢致脆化(HIE)并可能导致层剥落的主要缺点。这将 Pd 层厚度限制为< 2.5 mm,因为会产生高残余应力(高达 700 MPa)。[2, 3] 特别是对于安全相关应用(例如汽车),避免相关部件疲劳至关重要。对于汽车用途,发动机舱中的插头触点必须承受 150°C 以上的温度和高振动负载(即磨损应力)。同时,发动机的行驶里程必须超过24万公里。一种有趣的替代沉积技术是借助离子液体 (IL) 的非质子电化学沉积。使用 IL,由于不存在酸性氢,可以避免 HIE。 IL 已可用于多种材料的沉积 - 纯金属和合金,例如 Al、Cu、Cu-Mn、Cr、Fe 或 Pd-Au。[4-9]
Noble-metal coatings provide an excellent chemical and oxidation resistance in combination with good electrical properties that make them an interesting material for many applications such as different kinds of electrical contacts. Especially for separable connectors, good wear resistance is required. Owing to cost limitations, Au and Pt have to be replaced with lower-priced metals with similar properties. Pd is an appropriate alternative; its price is less than half of that of Au. Therefore, the importance of Pd as contact material is increasing.[1]Thin Pd layers can be deposited electrochemically; several electrolytes are known.[eg 2] Up to now, Pd layers have been deposited using aqueous electrolytes, because of easy handling and relatively low costs. However, the undesirable codeposition of hydrogen is a major drawback leading to hydrogen-induced embrittlement (HIE) with possible spalling of the layer. This limits the Pd layer thickness to< 2.5 mm, because high residual stresses (up to 700MPa) occur.[2, 3] Especially for security-relevant applications, eg automobiles, it is crucial to avoid the related component fatigue. For automotive purposes, plug contacts in engine compartments have to withstand temperatures above 150 C and high vibration loads (ie wear stress). At the same time, the mileage of engines has to exceed 240 000 km. An interesting alternative deposition technique is the aprotic electrochemical deposition with the help of ionic liquids (IL). Using IL, HIE can be avoided due to the absence of acidic hydrogen. IL can already be applied for depositions of several materials–pure metals and alloys, eg Al, Cu, Cu-Mn, Cr, Fe or Pd-Au.[4–9]
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