What are the keys to a longer, happier life? Answers from five decades of health psychology research.
What are the keys to a longer, happier life? Answers from five decades of health psychology research.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.001
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发表时间：
2018-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Acabchuk RL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Johnson BT;Acabchuk RL
人们早就知道心理和人际关系因素会影响健康，但直到最近 50 年，健康心理学这个独立的科学领域才出现，致力于理解健康、疾病和医疗保健中的心理和行为过程。本文 (a) 回顾了一些重要的研究，这些研究回答了人类如何才能拥有更长寿、更幸福的生活的问题； (b) 突出健康心理学的趋势，以社会科学与医学以及其他相关文献中的文章为特色。自 20 世纪 70 年代以来，健康心理学采用了生物心理社会模型，即生物因素相互作用并受到心理和社会因素的影响。该模型阐明了所有健康主题，从干预措施到减轻压力和/或提高人们应对压力源的能力，再到心理和身体健康。重要的是，健康心理学的观点是行为的：当今的大多数慢性疾病可以通过健康的生活方式（例如，充足的运动、适当的饮食、充足的睡眠）来避免或减少。因此，行为改变是帮助减轻慢性生活方式疾病带来的巨大公共卫生负担的关键目标。健康心理学还关注社会模式如何以患者与提供者互动的形式或作为人们生活、工作和娱乐的社区中的社会力量影响健康行为和结果。健康心理学与其他健康科学相契合，特别是当与生态观点结合时，生态观点纳入了个人行为上游的因素，例如与个人相关的网络（例如，同侪群体、社区）。纵观其历史，健康心理学研究一直致力于满足社会和医疗需求，并通常侧重于了解健康差异。通过依靠强大的跨学科方法，健康心理学研究为人们如何过上更健康的生活提供了非常全面的视角。
It has long been known that factors of the mind and of interpersonal relationships influence health, but it is only in the last 50 years that an independent scientific field of health psychology appeared, dedicated to understanding psychological and behavioral processes in health, illness, and healthcare. This article (a) reviews important research that answers the question of how human beings can have longer, happier lives; and (b) highlights trends in health psychology featuring articles in Social Science & Medicine as well as other related literature. Since the 1970s, health psychology has embraced a biopsychosocial model such that biological factors interact and are affected by psychological and social elements. This model has illuminated all subjects of health, ranging from interventions to lower stress and/or to improve people’s ability to cope with stressors, to mental and physical health. Importantly, a health psychology perspective is behavioral: The majority of chronic diseases of today can be avoided or reduced through healthy lifestyles (e.g., sufficient exercise, proper diet, sufficient sleep). Thus, behavior change is the key target to help reduce the immense public health burden of chronic lifestyle illnesses. Health psychology also focuses on how social patterns influence health behavior and outcomes, in the form of patient-provider interactions or as social forces in communities where people live, work, and play. Health psychology is congenial to other health sciences, especially when allied with ecological perspectives that incorporate factors upstream from individual behavior, such as networks linked to individuals (e.g., peer groups, communities). Over its history, health psychology research has been responsive to societal and medical needs and has routinely focused on understanding health disparities. By relying on a strong interdisciplinary approach, research in health psychology provides a remarkably comprehensive perspective on how people can live healthier lives.
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