Differential effects of experimental increases in sociality on ectoparasites of free-ranging raccoons.
Differential effects of experimental increases in sociality on ectoparasites of free-ranging raccoons.
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实验性增加社交性对自由放养浣熊体外寄生虫的不同影响。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2010
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
M. Gompper
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Monello;M. Gompper
1.寄生虫的传播取决于宿主相互接触的速度或寄生虫的感染阶段。然而，宿主接触率及其对寄生虫传播的影响在自然环境中很难量化，可能会随着宿主的行为和寄生虫的生态限制而波动。2.我们调查了接触率和社会聚集率的实验性增加如何影响体外寄生虫的流行和自由放养浣熊(Procyon Lotor)的强度。对12个独立浣熊种群进行了为期2年的不同资源分配：聚集式食物分配给聚集宿主(n=5个聚集种群)，分散食物分配以控制没有聚集宿主的食物的影响(n=3)，以及无食物处理(n=4)。3.远程摄像机显示，聚集人口的聚集规模和接触率是非聚集人口的三到四倍。从5-7月，这一季节的主要发生时间，聚集种群中浣熊身上的硬蜱(成虫)数量增加了1.5-2.5倍。相反，在聚集(与非聚集)种群中，虱子(Trichodectes Octomaculatus)种群对雄性浣熊的稀疏率约为40%，这是因为虱子的过度分散和更多的雄性宿主含有较少的寄生虫。在跳蚤之间没有发现与治疗有关的差异。4.这些结果与我们目前对寄生虫传播的理解不一致；更高的宿主社会性导致不依赖宿主接触传播的寄生虫(TICK)的增加，而依赖宿主接触传播的寄生虫(虱子)的减少。我们的结论是，在聚集的地点，变形虫增加了，因为它们可以检测和寻找宿主，并且更有可能在获得血餐后下降，并重新附着在这些地点的浣熊身上。有几个因素可能是导致雄性寄主身上虱子数量稀少的原因，包括降低人均感染水平的稀释效应。5.这些结果表明，体外寄生虫可以与宿主以独特的方式相互作用，这与其他类型的寄生虫物种或其传播模式不一致。
1. Parasite transmission depends on the rate at which hosts come into contact with one another or the infectious stages of parasites. However, host contact rates and their influence on parasite transmission are difficult to quantify in natural settings and can fluctuate with host behaviour and the ecological constraints of parasites. 2. We investigated how experimental increases in rates of contact and social aggregation affected ectoparasite prevalence and intensity of free-ranging raccoons (Procyon lotor). Twelve independent raccoon populations were subjected to differential resource provisions for 2 years: a clumped food distribution to aggregate hosts (n = 5 aggregated populations), a dispersed food distribution to control for the effects of food without aggregating hosts (n = 3) and a no food treatment (n = 4). 3. Remote cameras indicated that aggregation sizes and rates of contact were three to four times greater in aggregated compared with that in non-aggregated populations. The number of ticks (adult Dermacentor variabilis) on raccoons in aggregated populations was 1.5-2.5 times greater from May to July, the primary time of tick seasonal occurrence. Conversely, louse (Trichodectes octomaculatus) populations were c. 40% sparser on male raccoons in aggregated (compared with that in non-aggregated) populations because of greater overdispersion of lice and a larger number of male hosts harbouring fewer parasites. No treatment-related differences were found among fleas (Orchopeas howardi). 4. These results were not consistent with our current understanding of parasite transmission; greater rates of host sociality led to increases in a parasite that does not rely on host contact for transmission (ticks) and declines in a parasite that depends on host contact for transmission (lice). We concluded that D. variabilis increased in aggregated sites because they can detect and seek out hosts and were more likely to drop off after obtaining a blood meal and re-attach to raccoons in these locations. Several factors may have contributed to sparser louse populations on male hosts, including a dilution effect that lowered per capita infestation levels. 5. These results indicate that ectoparasites can interact in unique ways with their hosts that are not consistent with other types of parasite species or models of their transmission.
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Craig, LE;Norris, DE;Schwartz, BS
通讯作者：
Schwartz, BS