Functional Analysis of the Primate Shoulder.
Functional Analysis of the Primate Shoulder.
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DOI：
10.1007/s10764-010-9399-1
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发表时间：
2010-04
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Witzel, Ulrich
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Preuschoft, Holger;Hohn, Bianca;Scherf, Heike;Schmidt, Manuela;Krause, Cornelia;Witzel, Ulrich
在大多数情况下，对肩胛带的研究仅限于形态学比较，很少从严格的生物力学意义上阐明其功能。为了填补这一空白，我们通过力学手段研究了灵长类动物肩关节和肩带的基本功能条件。因为大多数非人类灵长类动物的运动基本上是四足行走--尽管在不同的基质上--我们的分析是从四足姿势开始的。我们通过在肩关节和肩胛胸连接处构建力平行四边形，确定了承重站立阶段开始、中间和结束时的力学情况。由此产生的关于肌肉活动的假设与文献中的肌电图数据一致。我们确定了内力的大小和方向，并使用有限元方法探索了肱骨近端、肩胛骨和锁骨的力学最佳形状。接下来，我们考虑了四足步行以外的机械功能，如悬架和臂动。四足步行需要肌肉活动和关节力量，需要长的肩胛骨，其颅缘与腋缘的长度大致相同。手在头上方的位置的负荷和悬吊行为导致力沿着腋缘流动，因此需要具有延长的腋和较短的颅缘的肩胛骨。在所有情况下，关节盂面几乎垂直于计算的关节力。在前视图中，陆生猴子选择了一个方向的地面反作用力，需要（适度）活动的外展肌的肩关节，而更多的树栖猴子喜欢的姿势，需要活动的前肢内收肌，甚至当走沿着分支。同样的内收和回缩肌肉在不同形式的悬吊中被招募。作为一个机械的结果，肩胛骨在胸部的位置更靠前，而不是靠后。在四足步行和悬吊这两种运动方式中，抗压锁骨有助于保持肩部复合体远离胸腔。未来的研究应考虑对胸廓形状的影响。所有人科动物的形态特化都符合悬吊行为的功能要求。力学功能的知识允许超越形态相似性的化石更好的解释。
Studies of the shoulder girdle are in most cases restricted to morphological comparisons and rarely aim at elucidating function in a strictly biomechanical sense. To fill this gap, we investigated the basic functional conditions that occur in the shoulder joint and shoulder girdle of primates by means of mechanics. Because most of nonhuman primate locomotion is essentially quadrupedal walking—although on very variable substrates—our analysis started with quadrupedal postures. We identified the mechanical situation at the beginning, middle, and end of the load-bearing stance phase by constructing force parallelograms in the shoulder joint and the scapulo-thoracal connection. The resulting postulates concerning muscle activities are in agreement with electromyographical data in the literature. We determined the magnitude and directions of the internal forces and explored mechanically optimal shapes of proximal humerus, scapula, and clavicula using the Finite Element Method. Next we considered mechanical functions other than quadrupedal walking, such as suspension and brachiation. Quadrupedal walking entails muscle activities and joint forces that require a long scapula, the cranial margin of which has about the same length as the axillary margin. Loading of the hand in positions above the head and suspensory behaviors lead to force flows along the axillary margin and so necessitate a scapula with an extended axillary and a shorter cranial margin. In all cases, the facies glenoidalis is nearly normal to the calculated joint forces. In anterior view, terrestrial monkeys chose a direction of the ground reaction force requiring (moderate) activity of the abductors of the shoulder joint, whereas more arboreal monkeys prefer postures that necessitate activity of the adductors of the forelimb even when walking along branches. The same adducting and retracting muscles are recruited in various forms of suspension. As a mechanical consequence, the scapula is in a more frontal, rather than parasagittal, position on the thorax. In both forms of locomotion—quadrupedal walking and suspension—the compression-resistant clavicula contributes to keeping the shoulder complex distant from the rib cage. Future studies should consider the consequences for thorax shape. The morphological specializations of all Hominoidea match the functional requirements of suspensory behavior. The knowledge of mechanical functions allows an improved interpretation of fossils beyond morphological similarity.
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影响因子：
3.2
作者：
DEMES, B;LARSON, SG;SCHMITT, D
通讯作者：
SCHMITT, D
影响因子：
2.8
作者：
Larson, Susan G.;Stern, Jack T., Jr.
通讯作者：
Stern, Jack T., Jr.
影响因子：
2.8
作者：
LARSON, SG;STERN, JT
通讯作者：
STERN, JT
影响因子：
1.9
作者：
Nakano, Y
通讯作者：
Nakano, Y
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
MOCHON, S;MCMAHON, TA
通讯作者：
MCMAHON, TA