Development of a Direct-Shear Apparatus Coupling with High Pore Pressure and Elevated Temperatures
Development of a Direct-Shear Apparatus Coupling with High Pore Pressure and Elevated Temperatures
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高孔隙压力和高温直剪耦合装置的开发
DOI：
10.1007/s00603-019-1735-y
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发表时间：
2019-09
影响因子：
6.2
通讯作者：
Wang Yan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Zhang Qiang;Li Xiaochun;Bai Bing;Pei Liang;Shi Lu;Wang Yan
岩体的力学和水力特性受到层理、裂缝、节理和断层等不连续性的影响（Faoro 等，2009；Jiang 等，2004；Snow，1969）。节理或断层控制机械稳定性并充当地层中流体流动的主要管道。这些管道可能对工程项目的安全构成威胁或有利于能量回收（Jaeger 等人，2007 年；Rutqvist 和 Stephansson，2003 年）。在深层地层中，岩体承受高孔隙压力和高温。孔隙压力或温度的变化会导致储层内地层或断层周围的应力分布发生变化。此外，它还可能导致岩体或断层的破坏。大量流体注入深层地层会增加诱发地震和地表隆起等地质灾害的风险（Evans 等人，2012 年；Shukla 等人，2010 年；Zoback 和 Gorelick，2012 年）。因此，了解节理或裂缝的机械和水力特性对于许多工程项目至关重要，例如石油和天然气开采、二氧化碳地质封存、二氧化碳强化地热开采、深部采矿和核废料处理等。接头或断裂的剪切流试验是研究这些问题的有效方法。然而，直剪钻机在剪切过程中孔隙流体压力方面的密封困难限制了高孔隙压力下节理的直剪试验（Giger等，2011）以及剪切过程中单个节理或裂缝的渗透率测量。为了研究接头的机械和水力特性，人们开发了几种剪切流装置（Barla et al. 2009；Esaki et al. 1999；Giger et al. 2011；Hans and Boulon 2003；Liu et al. 2017；Wang et al. 2009）。这些装置可分为三种类型：（1）带有密封剪切箱的装置（Esaki et al. 1999；Giger et al. 2011；Hans and Boulon 2003；Nishiyama et al. 2014；Wang et al. 2009）；（2）带有密封室的装置（Barla et al. 2009；Liu et al. 2017；Xu et al. 2017）。 2011）； (3)带有锯切圆柱形岩心的三轴测试仪(Jaeger et al. 2007; Nemoto et al. 2008)，如图1所示。然而，在实践中，使用这些装置进行高温高孔隙压力下的剪切流测试或剪切过程中节理/裂缝的渗透率测试存在缺点。一般来说，带有密封剪切盒的装置有两个缺点：（a）高孔隙压力下密封性差（Giger et al. 2011）和（b）限制了接头样品的破坏模式。剪切盒的密封不适合高孔压条件下的剪切流试验。因为这种方法存在密封能力与剪切盒摩擦力之间的矛盾。如果密封做得不好，剪切盒的摩擦力会降低测试的准确性。试件仅沿节理面发生破坏，围岩内应力分布较为复杂。由于接头试件通常紧固在剪力箱内或采用铸造材料封装在剪力箱内，这些固定方式改变了接头壁的受力状态或增强了其强度，限制了接头试件的破坏模式。虽然具有密封室的装置可以产生高压流体环境，但是该装置无法观察水力特性。对于锯切圆柱形岩心的三轴试验机，应力状态的控制非常复杂，正应力取决于围压和轴向应力
The mechanical and hydraulic properties of rock masses are affected by discontinuities such as bedding, fractures, joints and faults (Faoro et al. 2009; Jiang et al. 2004; Snow 1969). Joints or faults govern the mechanical stability and serve as the major conduits for the fluid flow in a formation. These conduits may pose a threat to the safety of engineering projects or benefit the energy recovery (Jaeger et al. 2007; Rutqvist and Stephansson 2003). In a deep formation, rock masses are subjected to high pore pressure and elevated temperatures. A change in pore pressure or temperature gives rise to a change in the stress distribution in a formation or around faults within reservoirs. Furthermore, it may result in the failure of rock masses or faults. Large volumes of fluid injected into a deep formation enhance the risk of geological disasters such as induced earthquakes, and the surface uplift (Evans et al. 2012; Shukla et al. 2010; Zoback and Gorelick 2012). Therefore, understanding the mechanical and hydraulic properties of a joint or fracture is vital for many engineering projects such as oil and gas exploitation, CO2 geological storage, enhanced geothermal exploitation with CO2, deep mining, and disposal of nuclear waste. Shear-flow tests of a joint or fracture are an effective method for studying these issues. However, the sealing difficulties of direct-shear rigs in terms of pore fluid pressure during shearing limits the direct-shear test of a joint under high pore pressure (Giger et al. 2011) and the permeability measurement of a single joint or fracture during shearing. To study the mechanical and hydraulic properties of the joint, several shear-flow apparatuses have been developed (Barla et al. 2009; Esaki et al. 1999; Giger et al. 2011; Hans and Boulon 2003; Liu et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2009). These apparatuses can be divided into three types:(1) apparatuses with a sealed shear box (Esaki et al. 1999; Giger et al. 2011; Hans and Boulon 2003; Nishiyama et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2009);(2) apparatuses with a sealed chamber (Barla et al. 2009; Liu et al. 2017; Xu et al. 2011); and (3) a triaxial tester with a saw cut cylindrical core (Jaeger et al. 2007; Nemoto et al. 2008), as shown in Fig. 1. In practice, however, there are disadvantages in using these apparatuses to conduct the shear-flow test under high pore pressure at elevated temperatures or the permeability test of a joint/fracture during shearing. Generally, the apparatuses with a sealed shear box have two disadvantages:(a) the poor sealing at high pore pressures (Giger et al. 2011) and (b) restricting the failure mode of the jointed sample. The sealing of the shear box is not suitable for the shear-flow test under high pore pressure conditions. Because this method has a contradiction between the sealing capacity and the friction of the shear box. If the seal is done well, the friction of the shear box will reduce the accuracy of the test. The sample is only damaged along the joint surface, and the stress distribution in the wall rock is more complex. Because the jointed sample is usually fastened in the shear box or encapsulated in the shear box using casting material, these fixed modes change the stress state of the joint wall or enhance its strength, and the failure mode of the jointed sample is restricted. Although the apparatuses with a sealed chamber can create a high-pressure fluid environment, this apparatuses fails to observe the hydraulic characteristics. For a triaxial tester with a saw cut cylindrical core, the control of stress states are so complex that the normal stress depends on the confining pressure and axial stress
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评估含天然气水合物沉积物力学特性的简单有效方法：直剪试验
影响因子：
--
作者：
Liu, Zhichao;Wei, Houzhen;Ning, Fulong
通讯作者：
Ning, Fulong
DOI：
10.1016/s0148-9062(99)00044-3
发表时间：
1999-07-01
影响因子：
7.2
作者：
Esaki, T;Du, S;Jing, L
通讯作者：
Jing, L
DOI：
10.1002/nag.285
发表时间：
2003-05
影响因子：
4
作者：
J. Hans;M. Boulon
通讯作者：
J. Hans;M. Boulon
影响因子：
3.9
作者：
Evans, Keith F.;Zappone, Alba;Moia, Fabio
通讯作者：
Moia, Fabio
影响因子：
6.2
作者：
Muralha, Jose;Grasselli, Giovanni;Jiang Yujing
通讯作者：
Jiang Yujing