How common is ecological speciation in plant-feeding insects? A 'Higher' Nematinae perspective.
How common is ecological speciation in plant-feeding insects? A 'Higher' Nematinae perspective.
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DOI：
10.1186/1471-2148-10-266
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发表时间：
2010-09-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Boevé JL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nyman T;Vikberg V;Smith DR;Boevé JL
生态物种形成是一个过程，在这个过程中，一个短暂的资源多态物种分裂成两个专门的姐妹谱系，由于不同的选择压力所造成的使用多个生态位或环境。以植物为食的昆虫的物种形成已被深入研究，其中同域和异域转移到新的宿主植物可以加速多样化。然而，虽然已经发现了许多物种对可能起源于资源转移的例子，但生态物种形成相对于其他非生态物种形成模式的整体重要性仍然未知。在这里，我们应用系统发育信息属于“高等”线虫亚科（Hytera：叶蜂科）推断生态位变化的频率有关的物种形成事件。DNA序列数据的基础上重建的系统发育树表明，高等植物的多样化涉及频繁的变化，幼虫的食性和植物类群的使用。然而，推断的资源转移的数量大大低于过去的物种形成事件的数量，这表明大多数的分歧发生了非生态异域物种形成的基础上，姐妹物种的时间校正分析，我们估计，最大的c。20%的血统分裂是由资源使用的变化引发的。此外，我们发现，地理分布的postspecional变化导致了广泛的同域在许多物种具有相同的寄主植物范围。我们的分析表明，生态位转移的重要性，草食性昆虫的多样化，目前隐含和明确高估。在高等线虫亚科的情况下，采用时间校正姊妹种比较降低了明显的生态为基础的物种形成事件的比例从c。50-60%到20%左右，但其他食草动物群体仍然缺乏这种纠正。观察到的趋同，但异步转移之间的优势北方植物类群在许多较高的线虫分支，结合广泛的重叠，在地理分布的许多线虫物种占据几乎相同的生态位，表明寄主植物的变化和草食动物群落组装在很大程度上不受物种之间的直接或间接竞争。需要在许多昆虫类群中对生态位多样化和物种形成之间的联系进行更多基于生态位的研究，特别是在与物种形成有关的宿主转移很少的群体中。
Ecological speciation is a process in which a transiently resource-polymorphic species divides into two specialized sister lineages as a result of divergent selection pressures caused by the use of multiple niches or environments. Ecology-based speciation has been studied intensively in plant-feeding insects, in which both sympatric and allopatric shifts onto novel host plants could speed up diversification. However, while numerous examples of species pairs likely to have originated by resource shifts have been found, the overall importance of ecological speciation in relation to other, non-ecological speciation modes remains unknown. Here, we apply phylogenetic information on sawflies belonging to the 'Higher' Nematinae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) to infer the frequency of niche shifts in relation to speciation events. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed on the basis of DNA sequence data show that the diversification of higher nematines has involved frequent shifts in larval feeding habits and in the use of plant taxa. However, the inferred number of resource shifts is considerably lower than the number of past speciation events, indicating that the majority of divergences have occurred by non-ecological allopatric speciation; based on a time-corrected analysis of sister species, we estimate that a maximum of c. 20% of lineage splits have been triggered by a change in resource use. In addition, we find that postspeciational changes in geographic distributions have led to broad sympatry in many species having identical host-plant ranges. Our analysis indicates that the importance of niche shifts for the diversification of herbivorous insects is at present implicitly and explicitly overestimated. In the case of the Higher Nematinae, employing a time correction for sister-species comparisons lowered the proportion of apparent ecology-based speciation events from c. 50-60% to around 20%, but such corrections are still lacking in other herbivore groups. The observed convergent but asynchronous shifting among dominant northern plant taxa in many higher-nematine clades, in combination with the broad overlaps in the geographic distributions of numerous nematine species occupying near-identical niches, indicates that host-plant shifts and herbivore community assembly are largely unconstrained by direct or indirect competition among species. More phylogeny-based studies on connections between niche diversification and speciation are needed across many insect taxa, especially in groups that exhibit few host shifts in relation to speciation.
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影响因子：
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