An enemy within? Observations of virus-like particles in reef corals.
An enemy within? Observations of virus-like particles in reef corals.
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内部有敌人？
DOI：
10.1007/s00338-004-0448-0
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发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
S. Davy
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
W. H. Wilson;A. Dale;J. Davy;S. Davy
近年来，在发现病毒通常以10-10 ml-1的浓度存在于海水中之后，海洋病毒学发生了变化（Bergh等人，1989年）。本质上，病毒是简单的;它们含有一段被蛋白质外壳包裹的核酸（DNA或RNA），并且没有固有的代谢。实际上，病毒是海洋中形态和遗传多样性最大的生物颗粒，所有微生物和多细胞生物都可能感染病毒。病毒在海洋生态系统中的作用被认为是多种多样的（Wommack和科尔韦尔，2000年），并超越了简单的感染-复制-杀死循环，对地球化学循环有深远的影响（Fuhrman 1999），沼气生产（Malin et al. 1998）、构建植物群落（Jacquet et al. 2002; Wilson et al. 2002）和介导水平基因转移（Jiang and Paul 1998）。因此，令人惊讶的是，病毒与珊瑚疾病、珊瑚漂白事件或一般珊瑚礁健康没有牵连，特别是考虑到最近对这些研究领域的重视（例如Harvell等人，1999年; Barber等人，2001年; Pandolfi等人，2003年）。已知环境触发因素，如紫外线（Jacquet和Bratbak 2003; Wilhelm等人2003）、营养物质可用性（Scanlan和Wilson 1999）或经典的温度升高（埃德加和Lielausis 1964），都会影响病毒繁殖和/或感染宿主的能力。这些触发因素也是我们理解珊瑚漂白和珊瑚礁生态系统健康下降所涉及的疾病的病原体和/或控制的核心（Barber等人，2001年）。病毒-宿主相互作用和随后的下游生态效应的表征涉及几个步骤。一个关键的初始步骤是确定病毒是否确实存在于目标宿主中，并且可以通过使用透射电子显微镜（TEM）的目视检查进行形态学鉴定。在这个阶段，推定的病毒被称为病毒样颗粒（VLP）。VLP以前曾在温带海葵中观察到，如老年海葵（Wilson和Chapman 2001）和绿海葵（Wilson等人2001）。事实上，后者的工作者提出，共生zooxanthropium从A。绿脓杆菌潜伏着一种潜伏的病毒感染，这种病毒感染是由暴露于高温下引起的。Wilson等人（2001年）进一步提出，如果这种机制也在珊瑚虫所携带的虫黄病毒中起作用，并且这些病毒W。H.威尔逊普利茅斯海洋实验室，前景广场，锄头，普利茅斯，PL 1 3DH，英国
Marine virology has been transformed in recent years following the discovery that viruses are typically present in concentrations of between 10–10 ml 1 in seawater (Bergh et al. 1989). In essence viruses are simple; they contain a length of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) encapsulated by a protein coat and have no inherent metabolism. In practice, viruses are the most morphologically and genetically diverse biological particles in the ocean and it is likely that all microbial and multicellular organisms have viruses that infect them. The role of viruses in marine ecosystems is thought to be just as diverse (Wommack and Colwell 2000) and goes beyond the simple infect-replicate-kill cycle with far reaching implications for biogeochemical cycling (Fuhrman 1999), biogas production (Malin et al. 1998), structuring planktonic communities (Jacquet et al. 2002; Wilson et al. 2002) and mediating horizontal gene transfer (Jiang and Paul 1998). It is surprising therefore, that viruses have not been implicated in coral disease, coral bleaching events or general coral reef health, particularly given the recent emphasis in these areas of research (e.g. Harvell et al. 1999; Barber et al. 2001; Pandolfi et al. 2003). Environmental triggers such as UV (Jacquet and Bratbak 2003; Wilhelm et al. 2003), nutrient availability (Scanlan and Wilson 1999) or, classically, increased temperature (Edgar and Lielausis 1964) are all known to influence virus propagation and/or ability to infect hosts. These same triggers are also central to our understanding of the causative agents and/or control of coral bleaching and the diseases involved in the health decline in coral reef ecosystems (Barber et al. 2001). There are several steps involved in the characterisation of any virus-host interaction and subsequent downstream ecological effects. One crucial initial step is to determine if viruses are indeed present in the targeted host and can be identified morphologically by visual inspection using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At this stage putative viruses are termed viruslike-particles (VLPs). VLPs have previously been observed in temperate sea anemones such as Metridium senile (Wilson and Chapman 2001) and Anemonia viridis (Wilson et al. 2001). Indeed, these latter workers proposed that symbiotic zooxanthellae from A. viridis harbor a latent virus infection that is induced by exposure to elevated temperatures. Wilson et al. (2001) further suggested that if such a mechanism also operates in the zooxanthellae harbored by reef corals, and these viruses W. H. Wilson Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
Harvell, CD;Kim, K;Vasta, GR
通讯作者：
Vasta, GR