The biological bases of conformity.
The biological bases of conformity.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnins.2012.00087
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Laland KN
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Morgan TJ;Laland KN
人类的特点是极度依赖文化传递的信息，最近的形式理论预测，自然选择应该有利于适应性学习策略，从而促进有效的复制和决策。一种引起特别关注的策略是循规蹈矩的传播，其定义是极有可能采用最常见的变体。从历史上看，从众在社会心理学文献中被强调为重要的，最近也有关于非人类动物的从众行为的报道。然而，数学分析在预期一致性的重要性和广泛性方面存在差异，相关的实验工作很少，所产生的结果既相互矛盾，又与模型的预测不一致。我们回顾了相关文献，考虑了从众的原因、功能、历史和个体发生，并描述了我们为解决歧义而在人类受试者上进行的基于计算机的实验。我们发现，只有当有许多示威者可用，而受试者不确定时，受试者的行为才是顺从的。进一步的分析发现，仅对社交信息的潜在反应通常是墨守成规的。因此，我们的数据与对社会信息的墨守成规的使用是一致的，但由于受试者的行为是社会和非社会影响的结果，因此结果行为可能不是墨守成规的。最后，我们将这些发现与一本认知神经科学的萌芽文献联系起来，该文献最近开始探索社会学习的神经基础。在这里，循规蹈矩的传播可能是一个特别有用的案例研究，不仅因为有明确定义和易于处理的机会来描述这种形式的社会学习的生物学基础，还因为早期的发现表明，人类可能拥有有效社会学习的特定认知适应。
Humans are characterized by an extreme dependence on culturally transmitted information and recent formal theory predicts that natural selection should favor adaptive learning strategies that facilitate effective copying and decision making. One strategy that has attracted particular attention is conformist transmission, defined as the disproportionately likely adoption of the most common variant. Conformity has historically been emphasized as significant in the social psychology literature, and recently there have also been reports of conformist behavior in non-human animals. However, mathematical analyses differ in how important and widespread they expect conformity to be, and relevant experimental work is scarce, and generates findings that are both mutually contradictory and inconsistent with the predictions of the models. We review the relevant literature considering the causation, function, history, and ontogeny of conformity, and describe a computer-based experiment on human subjects that we carried out in order to resolve ambiguities. We found that only when many demonstrators were available and subjects were uncertain was subject behavior conformist. A further analysis found that the underlying response to social information alone was generally conformist. Thus, our data are consistent with a conformist use of social information, but as subjects’ behavior is the result of both social and asocial influences, the resultant behavior may not be conformist. We end by relating these findings to an embryonic cognitive neuroscience literature that has recently begun to explore the neural bases of social learning. Here conformist transmission may be a particularly useful case study, not only because there are well-defined and tractable opportunities to characterize the biological underpinnings of this form of social learning, but also because early findings imply that humans may possess specific cognitive adaptations for effective social learning.
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影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Enquist, Magnus;Eriksson, Kimmo;Ghirlanda, Stefano
通讯作者：
Ghirlanda, Stefano
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
Galef, Bennett G.;Whiskin, Elain E.
通讯作者：
Whiskin, Elain E.
影响因子：
0.7
作者：
Feldman, MW;Aoki, K;Kumm, J
通讯作者：
Kumm, J
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Corriveau, Kathleen;Harris, Paul L.
通讯作者：
Harris, Paul L.
DOI：
10.1037/h0046408
发表时间：
1955-01-01
期刊：
JOUR ABNORMAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOL
影响因子：
--
作者：
DEUTSCH, MORTON;GERARD, HAROLD B.
通讯作者：
GERARD, HAROLD B.