Toward a neurobiological model of human performance under pressure.
Toward a neurobiological model of human performance under pressure.
复制标题
建立人类在压力下表现的神经生物学模型。
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2113777118
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Haroush,Keren
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Saikley,Abraham;Haroush,Keren
在2020年欧洲杯的点球大战中，才华横溢的英格兰球员马库斯·拉什福德（Marcus rashford）走到球前，踉跄地迈出一步，将球踢出门柱一侧，错失了一个相对容易的射门，导致英格兰队失败。矛盾的是，当风险最大的时候，他的表现远远低于他的能力。这种在高压实时情况下的表现下降，被称为“压力下窒息”，远远超出了体育运动的范畴。例如，有人可能会为一场重要的演讲做大量准备，但在关键时刻却表现得很差。对于这一现象，人们提出了各种各样的心理学解释；然而，尚无定论(1)。在PNAS上，Smoulder等人(2)提出了一个有趣的非人类灵长类动物在压力下表现下降的模型，补充了之前对人类的研究。Smoulder等人(2)训练了3只恒河猴（macaca mulatta）执行一项困难的运动到达任务，在该任务中，速度和准确性都需要获得奖励（图1）。奖励是在每次试验的基础上按小、中、大的增量进行的，但在少数试验中，猴子们被提示，如果它们表现成功，将会获得巨大的“头奖”奖励。所有动物的表现都随着奖励的大小而提高——除了头奖试验，奖励会急剧减少。这种模式在长时间接触任务后持续存在。控制表明了引起性能下降的幅度和罕见性的必要性。作者因此得出结论，在头奖试验中未能完成任务类似于人类在压力下窒息。
In the penalty shootout of the 2020 Euro soccer championship, Marcus Rashford—a highly talented English player—approached the ball, took a stutter step, and blasted the ball off the side of the goalpost, missing a relatively easy shot that led to England’s defeat. Paradoxically, when the stakes were highest, he performed far below his abilities. Such diminished performance during high-pressure real-time situations, termed “choking under pressure,” extends well beyond sports. For example, someone might prepare extensively for an important presentation yet deliver it poorly in the moment of truth. Various psychological explanations have been offered for this phenomenon; however, no explanation has been established conclusively (1). In PNAS, Smoulder et al.(2) advance an intriguing nonhuman primate model of performance decrements under pressure, complementing previous investigations in humans.Smoulder et al.(2) trained three Rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) to perform a difficult motor reaching task in which both speed and accuracy were required to obtain a reward (Fig. 1). Rewards were given on a trial-by-trial basis in increments of small, medium, and large, but on rare trials the monkeys were cued that an enormous “jackpot” reward would be showered upon them should they perform successfully. For all animals, performance improved with reward size—except on jackpot trials, when it sharply decreased. This pattern persisted after prolonged exposure to the task. Controls demonstrated the necessity of both magnitude and rarity for eliciting performance decrements. The authors thus concluded that this failure to perform the task on jackpot trials is analogous to choking under pressure in humans.
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DOI：
--
发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
A. Elliot
通讯作者：
A. Elliot
DOI：
10.3200/socp.147.3.197-209
发表时间：
2007
期刊：
The Journal of Social Psychology
影响因子：
--
作者：
Ngoc H. Bui
通讯作者：
Ngoc H. Bui
影响因子：
7.6
作者：
A. Elliot;Holly Mcgregor
通讯作者：
A. Elliot;Holly Mcgregor
影响因子：
4.9
作者：
Schraw, Gregory;Wadkins, Theresa;Olafson, Lori
通讯作者：
Olafson, Lori
影响因子：
4.9
作者：
Wolters, CA
通讯作者：
Wolters, CA