Catching a killer: Mechanisms of programmed cell death and immune activation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Catching a killer: Mechanisms of programmed cell death and immune activation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
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DOI:
10.1111/imr.13083
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发表时间:
2022-10
影响因子:
8.7
通讯作者:
--
中科院分区:
医学1区
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--
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在中枢神经系统(CNS)中,程序性细胞死亡(PCD)的执行对于神经的正常发育至关重要。然而,这些通路在成人中枢神经系统中的异常激活导致神经退行性疾病,包括肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(ALS)。细胞如何死亡是至关重要的,因为它可以驱动局部免疫激活和组织损伤。经典的细胞凋亡涉及多种机制来引起“免疫沉默”反应,而其他形式的程序性死亡,如焦亡、坏死亡和铁亡,则释放可以增强免疫反应和炎症的分子。ALS是一种以上下运动神经元进行性死亡为特征的致命神经肌肉疾病,中枢神经系统中的几种细胞类型表达多种PCD通路的机制。参与PCD的特定细胞类型,以及ALS发生神经元死亡的最终机制尚不清楚。在这里,我们提供了不同的PCD途径涉及ALS的概述。我们还研究了ALS的免疫激活,并根据下游免疫后果区分细胞凋亡和坏死机制。最后,我们强调了针对细胞死亡途径治疗ALS神经变性和炎症的治疗策略。
In the central nervous system (CNS), execution of programmed cell death (PCD) is crucial for proper neurodevelopment. However, aberrant activation of these pathways in adult CNS leads to neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). How a cell dies is critical, as it can drive local immune activation and tissue damage. Classical apoptosis engages several mechanisms to evoke “immunologically silent” responses, whereas other forms of programmed death such as pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis release molecules that can potentiate immune responses and inflammation. In ALS, a fatal neuromuscular disorder marked by progressive death of lower and upper motor neurons, several cell types in the CNS express machinery for multiple PCD pathways. The specific cell types engaging PCD, and ultimate mechanisms by which neuronal death occurs in ALS are not well defined. Here we provide an overview of different PCD pathways implicated in ALS. We also examine immune activation in ALS and differentiate apoptosis from necrotic mechanisms based on downstream immunological consequences. Lastly, we highlight therapeutic strategies that target cell death pathways in the treatment of neurodegeneration and inflammation in ALS.
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