Agronomic efficiency of NBPT as a urease inhibitor: A review.
Agronomic efficiency of NBPT as a urease inhibitor: A review.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jare.2018.05.008
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发表时间：
2018-09
影响因子：
10.7
通讯作者：
Silva AGB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cantarella H;Otto R;Soares JR;Silva AGB
尿素在土壤中溶解、扩散和水解的示意图。 (a) 在没有抑制剂的情况下，水解速度很快（深蓝色），导致 NH3/NH4+ 积累，并增加肥料颗粒周围土壤表面附近的 pH 值，从而促进 NH3 挥发。由于氨在土壤中的移动性较差，扩散受到限制。 (b) 抑制剂使尿素在一段时间内保持不水解。尿素不带电荷，很容易扩散到土壤溶液中。当抑制剂的作用逐渐减弱并且尿素开始水解时，pH 值和 NH3/NH4+ 浓度都会因稀释而降低（浅蓝色）。部分尿素在水解前并入土壤中；土壤中产生的 NH3 被胶体物质的负电荷保留，即使没有降雨或灌溉将尿素掺入土壤中，损失也会减少。尿素是使用最广泛的氮肥，预计未来几年年需求量将增长 1.5%。尿素施入土壤后，通过脲酶进行水解，导致颗粒周围区域的土壤 pH 值升高，导致 NH3 损失，全球平均施氮量为 16%，在湿热条件下可达到 40% 或更多。使用脲酶抑制剂是减少NH3损失的有效方法。有多种化合物可用作脲酶抑制剂，但只有 N-(正丁基)硫代磷酸三酰胺 (NBPT) 在全球范围内得到使用，是市场上最成功的，在过去 10 年中每年增长 16%。仅在过去三年中，其他化合物才开始商业化。与尿素相比，经过 NBPT 处理的尿素可减少 53% 左右的 NH3 损失。使用 NBPT 的产量增益约为 6.0%，根据作物种类的不同，产量在 -0.8% 至 10.2% 之间变化。硝化抑制剂通常会增加 NH3 的挥发，与脲酶抑制剂混合会部分抵消后者减少 NH3 损失的好处。 NBPT 减少 NH3 损失的功效已得到充分证明，但需要进一步改进，以延长经 NBPT 处理的尿素的抑制期和保质期。
Schematic diagram of urea dissolution, diffusion and hydrolysis in the soil. (a) Without an inhibitor, hydrolysis is fast (dark blue color) causing NH3/NH4+ accumulation and increasing the pH close to the soil surface around the fertilizer granule, driving NH3 volatilization. As the ammonia species are less mobile in soil, diffusion is limited. (b) The inhibitor maintains urea unhydrolyzed for some time. Urea has no electrical charges and diffuses easily into the soil solution. When the effect of the inhibitor phases down and urea starts to hydrolyze, both the pH and the NH3/NH4+ concentrations are lower (light blue color) as a result of dilution. Part of the urea is incorporated into the soil before hydrolysis; the NH3 produced inside the soil is retained by the negative charges of colloidal material and losses are reduced even if no rain or irrigation incorporates urea into the soil. Urea is the most widely used nitrogen (N) fertilizer, with a projected increase in annual demand of 1.5% in the coming years. After its application to soil, urea undergoes hydrolysis via the urease enzyme, causing increases in the soil pH in the surrounding area of the granules and resulting in NH3 losses that average 16% of N applied worldwide and can reach 40% or more in hot and humid conditions. The use of urease inhibitors is an effective way to reduce NH3 losses. Several compounds act as urease inhibitors, but only N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) has been used worldwide, being the most successful in a market that has grown 16% per year in the past 10 years. Only in the past three years other compounds are being commercially launched. In comparison to urea, NBPT-treated urea reduces NH3 loss by around 53%. Yield gain by NBPT usage is of the order of 6.0% and varies from −0.8 to 10.2% depending on crop species. Nitrification inhibitors usually increase NH3 volatilization and mixing them with urease inhibitors partially offsets the benefits of the latter in reducing NH3 loss. The efficacy of NBPT to reduce NH3 loss is well documented, but there is a need for further improvement to increase the period of inhibition and the shelf life of NBPT-treated urea.
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影响因子：
4.9
作者：
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
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