A widespread toxin-antitoxin system exploiting growth control via alarmone signalling

A widespread toxin-antitoxin system exploiting growth control via alarmone signalling
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一种广泛的毒素-抗毒素系统,通过警报信号传导利用生长控制

DOI:
10.1101/575399
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发表时间:
2019
期刊:
--
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Jimmy S
Jimmy S
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
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作者:
Jimmy S

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在应激条件下,细菌RelA-SpoT同系物(RSH)酶合成alarmone(p)ppGpp,一种核苷酸第二信使。(p)ppGpp重新连接细菌的转录和代谢以科普压力,并且在高浓度下,抑制蛋白质合成和细菌生长的过程以节省和重新定向资源,直到条件改善。单结构域小警报素合成酶(SAS)是RSH家族成员,其含有(p)ppGpp合成(SYNTH)结构域,但缺乏长RSH(如Rel、RelA和SpoT)的水解(HD)结构域和调节C-末端结构域。我们问是否SAS的基因组背景的分析可以表明可能的功能作用。事实上,多个SAS亚家族编码在广泛保守的双顺反子操纵子结构中,这让人想起那些通常在毒素-抗毒素(TA)操纵子中看到的结构。我们已经验证了五个这些SAS是有毒的(toxSAS),与中和的蛋白质产物的六个相邻的抗毒素基因。海洋纤维单胞菌SASFaRel的毒性是由alarmones ppGpp和ppApp的积累以及细胞三磷酸鸟苷和三磷酸腺苷池的相关消耗介导的,并且被其含有HD结构域的抗毒素抵消。因此,ToxSAS-antiToxSAS系统及其多种不同的抗毒素证明了古老的基于核苷酸的信号传导机制如何在进化过程中被重新利用为TA模块,可能多次独立。
Under stressful conditions, bacterial RelA-SpoT Homolog (RSH) enzymes synthesize the alarmone (p)ppGpp, a nucleotide second messenger. (p)ppGpp rewires bacterial transcription and metabolism to cope with stress, and, at high concentrations, inhibits the process of protein synthesis and bacterial growth to save and redirect resources until conditions improve. Single-domain small alarmone synthetases (SASs) are RSH family members that contain the (p)ppGpp synthesis (SYNTH) domain, but lack the hydrolysis (HD) domain and regulatory C-terminal domains of the long RSHs such as Rel, RelA, and SpoT. We asked whether analysis of the genomic context of SASs can indicate possible functional roles. Indeed, multiple SAS subfamilies are encoded in widespread conserved bicistronic operon architectures that are reminiscent of those typically seen in toxin−antitoxin (TA) operons. We have validated five of these SASs as being toxic (toxSASs), with neutralization by the protein products of six neighboring antitoxin genes. The toxicity ofCellulomonas marinatoxSAS FaRel is mediated by the accumulation of alarmones ppGpp and ppApp, and an associated depletion of cellular guanosine triphosphate and adenosine triphosphate pools, and is counteracted by its HD domain-containing antitoxin. Thus, the ToxSAS–antiToxSAS system with its multiple different antitoxins exemplifies how ancient nucleotide-based signaling mechanisms can be repurposed as TA modules during evolution, potentially multiple times independently.
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